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Objectives To determine the association between internet addiction disorder (IAD) and anxiety and depressive symptomatology in high school students in two private schools in Chiclayo, Peru, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods Analytical cross-sectional investigation of 505 adolescents from two private schools. The dependent variables were anxiety and depressive symptomatology, measured with the Beck Adapted Depression Questionnaire (BDI-IIA) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. The main independent variable was IAD, measured with the Internet Addiction Test instrument(IATI). Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. Results The average age was 14.16 years and 54.9% were women. 22.2% and 3.2% presented mild and moderate IAD; respectively. 9.3% presented severe anxiety and 34.3% severe depressive symptomatology. In the simple regression, adolescents with mild, moderate and severe IAD presented 19% (PR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.05–1.35), 25% (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02–1.53) and 53% (PR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.47–1.60) higher prevalence of depressive symptomatology; however, this association was not maintained in the multiple model. Anxiety increased 196% in adolescents with severe IAD (PR = 2.96; 95%CI: 1.86–4.71). Conclusion  We found that 2, 1, and 3 out of 10 students presented IAD, depressive symptomatology, and anxiety, respectively. We did not find an association between IAD and depressive symptomatology, but we did find an association with anxiety. Among the factors associated with the development of depressive symptomatology were the male sex, the presence of eating disorders, subclinical insomnia, using devices for more than 2 h, and using the Internet for academic activities. About anxiety, the associated factors are the female sex, the presence of eating disorders, subclinical insomnia, and the use of the Internet as social interaction. We recommend implementing counseling programs in view of the imminent introduction of the Internet as a pillar in education.

Mpox has become a public health problem due to its rapid evolution and clinical variability. In Latin America, Peru ranks fifth in terms of the number of cases. The main objective of this study is to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Peruvian patients diagnosed with mpox, providing a detailed view of the situation of this affected population. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on mpox in Peru was carried out using ten databases and search tools (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library, Scielo, Dimensions, and Epistemonikos) until August 22, 2024. The MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms used in the search were \"mpox\" and \"Peru\", combined with the logical operators AND and OR. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) assessment tool, and pooled estimates were generated using random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Statistical analysis was performed in R version 4.2.3, and the study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024582854). A total of 150 articles were evaluated, of which 9 studies were included: four retrospective observational studies, four case series, and one case report, covering a total of 3960 Peruvian patients with mpox. The quality of the studies was moderate. The combined results show that 97% (95% CI: 96-98%; 3804 participants; 4 studies; I2 = 24%, p = 0.27) of the patients were male, 63% (95% CI: 57-68%; 2366 participants; 4 studies; I2 = 66%, p = 0.03) had HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and 91% (95% CI: 83-97%; 2019 participants; 4 studies; I2 = 90%, p < 0.01) of these were receiving antiretroviral therapy. In addition, 61% (95% CI: 46-75%; 2295 participants; 4 studies; I2 = 95%, p < 0.01) identified as homosexual, and 17% (95% CI: 09-26%; 702 participants; 4 studies; I2 = 91%, p < 0.01) had a history of syphilis. The most common clinical manifestations were skin lesions (88%; 95% CI: 79-94%; 3114 participants; 4 studies; I2 = 92%, p < 0.01), lymphadenopathy (83%; 95% CI: 25-100%; 3623 participants; 2 studies; I2 = 100%, p < 0.01), anogenital rash (72%; 95% CI: 65-79%; 2657 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 74%, p = 0.02), fever (67%; 95% CI: 59-76%; 2587 participants; 4 studies; I2 = 86%, p < 0.01), and headache (52%; 95% CI: 47-57%; 1962 participants; 3 studies; I2 = 60%, p = 0.08). This systematic review provides a detailed overview on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Peruvian patients with mpox, highlighting a high prevalence in men and a remarkable association with HIV coinfection. The data highlight the vulnerability of the affected population and the importance of a multidisciplinary medical approach, with emphasis on early diagnosis of the most common symptoms. The findings support the implementation of prevention strategies tailored to the most vulnerable populations, especially those with HIV coinfection, and the conduct of longitudinal studies to better understand the disease.

Depression is a public health concern, nearing 1.5 million cases and accounting for 9.7% of years lost due to disability. Several factors, including altitude, contribute to its development. Altitude has become a topic for recent research, but its association with depressive symptoms has not been fully clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between altitude and depressive symptoms in the Peruvian population. A retrospective, cross-sectional study of the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES in Spanish) was conducted. The dependent variable, depressive symptoms, was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the independent variable, altitude, was categorized into: <1500 meters above sea level (masl), 1500-2499 masl and ≥2500 masl. To evaluate the association between altitude and depressive symptoms, we used Poisson regression model, constructing crude and multiple models. Of those living at 1500 to 2499 masl and ≥2500 masl, 7.23% and 7.12% had depressive symptoms, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables, high altitude was found to be associated with depressive symptoms (prevalence ratio adjusted (aPR): 1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.84; aPR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.20-1.66). A statistically significant association was found between high altitude and depressive symptoms. This may be attributable to hypobaric hypoxia that occurs at high altitudes and its effects on brain function. This study's findings should be considered to identify the population at risk and expand the coverage of preventive and therapeutic measures in high-altitude areas of Peru with poor access to health services.

The Oropouche virus (OROV), discovered in 1955, has evolved from being a pathogen limited to the Amazon basin to becoming a growing threat to public health in Latin America. Because its symptoms are similar to those of dengue and zika, diagnosis is complicated. In this context, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in Peruvian patients diagnosed with Oropouche. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. An exhaustive literature search was conducted up to April 10, 2025, across ten databases using MeSH terms like \"Oropouche\" and \"Peru,\" combined with Boolean operators. Only observational studies conducted in Peru that reported confirmed OROV infections through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and that described clinical or epidemiological characteristics, were included. The methodological quality of these studies was evaluated using the JBI-MAStARI tool. To estimate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals, random-effects models were applied in R (version 4.2.3). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots and Egger's test, when applicable. Six observational studies published between 2010 and 2020 were included, involving 396 Peruvian patients diagnosed with OROV by RT-PCR or ELISA. The studies were conducted in Piura, Loreto, Huánuco, Madre de Dios, and San Martín. Most patients were between 20 and 30 years old; 44.9% were male. All studies were of moderate quality. Due to the limited number of studies, publication bias was not assessed. The most common symptoms were fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and retro-ocular pain. The findings of this study reveal a significant occurrence of diverse symptoms in Peruvian patients infected with OROV. Due to the clinical resemblance to other arboviruses, it is essential to establish more precise diagnostic methods to prevent misdiagnosis and underreporting. The existing evidence remains limited, highlighting the importance of enhancing epidemiological monitoring, improving diagnostic tools, and creating public health strategies specifically targeted at endemic regions to reduce the effects of this emerging infection.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, smartphone use among students increased, even before going to sleep, which resulted in an increased risk of dependence, addiction, and sleep problems such as insomnia and daytime somnolence. The objective of this study was to determine the association between different levels of problematic smartphone use (dependence and addiction) and insomnia among medical students. In this study, \"dependence\" refers to subclinical, yet compulsive, smartphone use, while \"addiction\" denotes a more severe behavioral disruption involving loss of control and functional impairment. This was a secondary cross-sectional study of a cohort of medical students from Piura (Peru) during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The study included 370 participants. Insomnia was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index, and the extent of smartphone use was determined using the Smartphone Dependence and Addiction Scale. A chi-squared test was used for the bivariate analysis, and prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression with crude and adjusted models and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Insomnia was reported by 67.8% of participants. Smartphone dependence was identified in 67.8% of students, and 10.8% met the criteria for addiction. The prevalence of insomnia was notably higher among students aged ≥26 years (80.0%) and among those with symptoms of depression (79.3%) and anxiety (81.9%). After adjusting for potential confounders, students classified as dependent were 1.43 times more likely to report insomnia (aPR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.10-1.86), while those classified as addicted showed an even higher association (aPR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.26-2.17), compared to nondependent users. Both smartphone dependence and addiction were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of insomnia among medical students. These findings highlight the need for preventive strategies targeting problematic smartphone use to promote better sleep health in academic settings.

Background Existing literature has not stablished the factors associated with sleep quality, which requires further research in the context of the mental health of future medical professionals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors related to sleep quality in Latin American medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Cross-sectional multicenter analytic study of secondary data analysis in Latin American medical students. The sampling was non-probabilistic snowball sampling. Sleep quality (Pittsburgh questionnaire) and its association with psychosocial-academic variables, depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 questionnaire), anxious symptoms (GAD-7 questionnaire), resilience (abbreviated CD-RISC questionnaire), eating disorder (EAT-26 questionnaire), physical activity (IPAQ questionnaire-short version), tobacco and alcohol consumption (ASSIST questionnaire) and burnout syndrome (Maslash questionnaire) were assessed. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results Of 2019 medical students, the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 62.2% (95%CI: 60.00%-64.28%). In the multiple regression model, factors that were positively associated with poorer sleep quality were female sex (PR: 1.13), moderate risk of smoking (PR: 1.08), the presence of moderate to severe depressive symptoms (PR: 2.19 and PR: 2.14, respectively), as well as moderate and severe anxiety symptoms (PR: 1.21 and PR: 1.22, respectively). On the other hand, factors that were negatively associated with poorer sleep quality were having received training on COVID-19 (PR: 0.95), having a history of COVID-19 (PR: 0.80), and having a high level of resilience (PR: 0.86). Conclusion It was found that 62.2% of students had poor sleep quality. Factors such as female sex, moderate risk of smoking, and depressive and anxious symptoms were associated with poor sleep quality, while COVID-19 training, history of the disease, and a high level of resilience were linked to better quality. These findings are key for public health, as poor sleep quality affects physical and mental health and academic performance, underscoring the importance of intervening on these factors to improve student well-being.

Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased workload and stress could have increased mental health problems (anxiety and depression) in military personnel. However, the number of studies in military members is scarce, especially in regard to mental health. The objective of this study was determine the prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety in Peruvian military personnel. Methods We undertook an analytical cross-sectional study. The survey was distributed face to face between November 02 and 09, 2021, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic among the military personnel. We used some instruments to measure depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, GAD-7), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index, ISI), food insecurity (Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, HFIAS), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaires, IPAQ-S), resilience (abbreviated CD-RISC), and fear of COVID-19 scale. The exclusion criteria included those who did not completely fill out the evaluation instruments. Results We analyzed the data of 615 military personnel that participated in the survey. Of them, 93.7% were male and the median age was 22 years old. There was a prevalence of 29.9% and 22.0% in regard to depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. In addition, it was found that being married (PR: 0.63; 95% IC: 0.42–0.94), having a relative with mental health problems (PR: 2.16), having experienced food insecurity (PR: 1.48), insomnia (PR: 2.71), fear of COVID-19 (PR: 1.48), and a high level of resilience (PR: 0.65) were factors associated with depression. In regard to anxiety, the factors associated were working for more than 18 months since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (PR: 0.52), a high level of resilience (PR: 0.50; 95% IC: 0.33–0.77), insomnia (PR: 3.32), fear of COVID-19 (PR: 2.43). Conclusion We found a prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety of 29.9% and 22.0%, respectively. In regard to the factors that attenuate depression, we can mention being married and having resilience; and among the aggravating factors, having a relative with mental health problems, food insecurity, insomnia, and fear of COVID-19. Finally, anxiety increased through working time, insomnia, and fear of COVID-19.

Introduction With the persistence of global challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become essential to explore the dynamics of physical activity in adolescents. Although knowledge exists on the importance of physical activity for overall health, understanding the factors influencing adolescent physical activity patterns remains a less explored terrain. This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with physical activity in adolescents in Lambayeque, Peru. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study with secondary data analysis was conducted in adolescents from five secondary schools. Physical activity was assessed using the PAQ-A questionnaire. Its association with various factors was investigated, such as bullying (EBIPQ questionnaire), self-esteem (Rosenberg questionnaire), family dysfunctionality (APGAR Family questionnaire), resilience (abbreviated CD-RISC questionnaire), insomnia (ISI questionnaire), depressive-anxious symptoms and stress (DASS21 questionnaire), suicidal risk (Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale), eating disorder (SCOFF questionnaire), acne (Spanish Acne Severity Scale-EGAE), and quality of life (DLQI questionnaire). Results Of 1266 adolescents, the mean age was 14.6 years, and 54.6% were male. The prevalence of active physical activity was 33.8% (95% CI: 31.20–36.49). In multiple regression analysis, factors associated with physical activity included male sex (PR: 1.51), having a very frequent family approach (PR: 1.26), a high level of resilience (PR: 1.15), having a crush (PR: 1.19), and mild anxious symptoms (PR: 1.30). In contrast, frequent use of social networks (PR: 0.72), moderate (PR: 0.64) or severe (PR: 0.66) family dysfunctionality, medium (PR: 0.85) and low (PR: 0.80) levels of self-esteem, and an extreme effect on quality of life due to acne (PR: 0.66) were negatively associated with physical activity. Conclusions The findings reveal a relatively low prevalence of active physical activity among adolescents. The positive association with resilience, family closeness, and mild anxious symptoms highlights the importance of strengthening protective factors to encourage physical activity in this vulnerable group. Conversely, the negative influence of family dysfunctionality, low self-esteem, and the impact of acne on quality of life underscores the need to address these psychosocial aspects to promote a healthy lifestyle in adolescents in the post-COVID era. These findings inform more effective intervention strategies, thus contributing to the holistic well-being of youth in the current global health landscape.

Estimating the cumulative prevalence of SARS-COV-2 will help to understand the epidemic, contagion, and immunity to COVID-19 in vulnerable populations. The objective is to determine the extent of infection in the general population and the cumulative incidence by age group. It was carried out with a longitudinal analytical study, in the population of the Lambayeque region, located in the north of Peru. The selection was carried out in multistages (districts, area, household, and finally choosing the interviewee within the house). Seroprevalence was estimated as a positive result of the rapid test whether it was positive IgM or positive IgG. An adjustment was made for the sampling weights used. The seroprevalence found in the region was 29.5%. Young people between 21 and 50 years old presented the highest seroprevalence frequencies. A total of 25.4% were asymptomatic. The most frequent complaint was dysgeusia and dysosmia (85.3% and 83.6%). Dysosmia (PR = 1.69), chest pain (PR = 1.49), back pain (PR = 1.45), cough (PR = 1.44), fever (PR = 1.41), general malaise (PR = 1.27) were associated factors with the higher the frequency of seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2. Reporting of complete isolation at home decreased the frequency of positivity (PR = 0.80), however, reporting having ARI contact (PR = 1.60), having contact with a confirmed case (PR = 1.51), and going to market (PR = 1.26) increased the frequency of positivity for SARS-CoV-2. These results suggest that Lambayeque is the region with the highest seroprevalence in the world, well above Spain, the United States and similar to a study in India.

Background Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by dysregulation of the signaling pathway, phenotypic alteration due to fetal macrosomia or growth retardation, facial abnormalities, loose skin, cardiovascular abnormalities, and a variable degree of intellectual disability. Case presentation We describe the case of a 20-month-old male patient with fetal macrosomia and polyhydramnios, presenting psychomotor development delay and growth limitation during the first months of life. CS was diagnosed at four months of age after detecting a variant of the HRAS gene c.35G > C (p.G12A). A clinical description of his condition was recorded throughout his life, including cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, and recurrent infections. At 20 months of age, after presenting events of marked hypotonia and generalized seizures, brain magnetic resonance revealed symmetrical lesions of the infra- and supratentorial white matter in both cerebral hemispheres, which resulted in the diagnosis of cerebral leukodystrophy. The patient had a rapid and progressive deterioration that eventually led to death. Conclusions This is the first report of a case of CS in Peru. In addition, this is a case that presented with multisystemic conditions culminating in leukodystrophy, which is a rare event according to the literature.