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"Fairchild, Mark D"
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Color appearance models
\"The essential resource for readers needing to understand visual perception and for those trying to produce, reproduce and measure color appearance in various applications such as imaging, entertainment, materials, design, architecture and lighting.This book builds upon the success of previous editions, and will continue to serve the needs of those professionals working in the field to solve practical problems or looking for background for on-going research projects. It would also act as a good course text for senior undergraduates and postgraduates studying color science.The 3rd Edition of Color Appearance Models contains numerous new and expanded sections providing an updated review of color appearance and includes many of the most widely used models to date, ensuring its continued success as the comprehensive resource on color appearance models.Key features: Presents the fundamental concepts and phenomena of color appearance (what objects look like in typical viewing situations) and practical techniques to measure, model and predict those appearances. Includes the clear explanation of fundamental concepts that makes the implementation of mathematical models very easy to understand. Explains many different types of models, and offers a clear context for the models, their use, and future directions in the field\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Weighted Geometric Mean (WGM) method: A new chromatic adaptation model
The human visual system has undergone evolutionary changes to develop sophisticated mechanisms that enable stable color perception under varying illumination. These mechanisms are known as chromatic adaptation, a fundamental aspect of color vision. Chromatic adaptation can be divided into two categories: sensory adaptation, which involves automatic adjustments in the visual system, such as retinal gain control, in response to changes in the stimulus, and cognitive adaptation, which depends on the observer’s knowledge of the scene and context. The geometric mean has been suggested to be the fundamental mathematical relationship that governs peripheral sensory adaptation. This paper proposes the WGM model, an advanced chromatic adaptation model based on a weighted geometric mean approach that can anticipate incomplete adaptation as it moves along the Planckian or Daylight locus. Compared with two other chromatic adaptation models (CAT16 and vK20), the WGM model is tested with different corresponding color data sets and found to be a significantly improvement while also predicting degree of adaptation (sensory and cognitive adaptation) in a physiologically plausible manner.
Journal Article
Individual Colorimetric Observer Model
This study proposes a vision model for individual colorimetric observers. The proposed model can be beneficial in many color-critical applications such as color grading and soft proofing to assess ranges of color matches instead of a single average match. We extended the CIE 2006 physiological observer by adding eight additional physiological parameters to model individual color-normal observers. These eight parameters control lens pigment density, macular pigment density, optical densities of L-, M-, and S-cone photopigments, and λ max shifts of L-, M-, and S-cone photopigments. By identifying the variability of each physiological parameter, the model can simulate color matching functions among color-normal populations using Monte Carlo simulation. The variabilities of the eight parameters were identified through two steps. In the first step, extensive reviews of past studies were performed for each of the eight physiological parameters. In the second step, the obtained variabilities were scaled to fit a color matching dataset. The model was validated using three different datasets: traditional color matching, applied color matching, and Rayleigh matches.
Journal Article
Spectral Reflectance Reconstruction Using Fuzzy Logic System Training: Color Science Application
In this work, we address the problem of spectral reflectance recovery from both CIEXYZ and RGB values by means of a machine learning approach within the fuzzy logic framework, which constitutes the first application of fuzzy logic in these tasks. We train a fuzzy logic inference system using the Macbeth ColorChecker DC and we test its performance with a 130 sample target set made out of Artist’s paints. As a result, we obtain a fuzzy logic inference system (FIS) that performs quite accurately. We have studied different parameter settings within the training to achieve a meaningful overfitting-free system. We compare the system performance against previous successful methods and we observe that both spectrally and colorimetrically our approach substantially outperforms these classical methods. In addition, from the FIS trained we extract the fuzzy rules that the system has learned, which provide insightful information about how the RGB/XYZ inputs are related to the outputs. That is to say that, once the system is trained, we extract the codified knowledge used to relate inputs and outputs. Thus, we are able to assign a physical and/or conceptual meaning to its performance that allows not only to understand the procedure applied by the system but also to acquire insight that in turn might lead to further improvements. In particular, we find that both trained systems use four reference spectral curves, with some similarities, that are combined in a non-linear way to predict spectral curves for other inputs. Notice that the possibility of being able to understand the method applied in the trained system is an interesting difference with respect to other ’black box’ machine learning approaches such as the currently fashionable convolutional neural networks in which the downside is the impossibility to understand their ways of procedure. Another contribution of this work is to serve as an example of how, through the construction of a FIS, some knowledge relating inputs and outputs in ground truth datasets can be extracted so that an analogous strategy could be followed for other problems in color and spectral science.
Journal Article
Weighted Geometric Mean
The human visual system has undergone evolutionary changes to develop sophisticated mechanisms that enable stable color perception under varying illumination. These mechanisms are known as chromatic adaptation, a fundamental aspect of color vision. Chromatic adaptation can be divided into two categories: sensory adaptation, which involves automatic adjustments in the visual system, such as retinal gain control, in response to changes in the stimulus, and cognitive adaptation, which depends on the observer's knowledge of the scene and context. The geometric mean has been suggested to be the fundamental mathematical relationship that governs peripheral sensory adaptation. This paper proposes the WGM model, an advanced chromatic adaptation model based on a weighted geometric mean approach that can anticipate incomplete adaptation as it moves along the Planckian or Daylight locus. Compared with two other chromatic adaptation models (CAT16 and vK20), the WGM model is tested with different corresponding color data sets and found to be a significantly improvement while also predicting degree of adaptation (sensory and cognitive adaptation) in a physiologically plausible manner.
Journal Article
Measuring and modeling display observer metamerism
Observer metamerism refers to a situation in which some observers with normal color vision will see two colors as identical while others will see them mismatch. In recent years, some issues with metameric failure have been exacerbated by displays with more saturated primaries and narrower emission spectra. Classic trichromatic colorimetry is incapable of predicting this effect because of the typical reliance on a single standard observer—a single color matching function (CMF) averaged across the population. In this paper, we present a new experiment aimed at measuring the amount of metameric failure of a single display for real observers without comparisons to other reference displays. We also propose a recommended metric of observer metamerism failure potential that uses simulated observers, represented as individual CMFs that match the distribution of color sensitivities in the general population, and compare with several other procedures.
Journal Article
The colors of wine
Purpose: This work examined the color measurement and color appearance of wine under various illumination types in order to assess the importance of illumination in the sensory evaluation of wine. Materials and methods: Six finished retail wines were measured in 8 different spectrophotometric and spectroradiometric geometries, both in analytical cuvettes and International Organization for Standardization tasting glasses. The resulting spectral transmittance data were analyzed colorimetrically using 2 color spaces (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage Color Appearance Model 02) to examine the effects of both measurement geometry and viewing condition on the appearance of wines. Results: The results clearly indicate that measurement geometry is critical in wine color assessment and that the lighting used to view wines, as well as the lighting levels, can have significant impact on the perceived colors of wines and ultimately the judgments made in sensory evaluation procedures. Conclusion: Standardization of lighting type, level, spectral characteristics, and geometry are needed for careful and consistent sensory evaluation of wine color. Recommendations are made for a relatively simple way to achieve this. Keywords: colorimetry, illumination, appearance, sensory evaluation
Journal Article
Color Appearance Models
The essential resource for readers needing to understand visual perception and for those trying to produce, reproduce and measure color appearance in various applications such as imaging, entertainment, materials, design, architecture and lighting.
This book builds upon the success of previous editions, and will continue to serve the needs of those professionals working in the field to solve practical problems or looking for background for on-going research projects. It would also act as a good course text for senior undergraduates and postgraduates studying color science.
The 3rd Edition of Color Appearance Models contains numerous new and expanded sections providing an updated review of color appearance and includes many of the most widely used models to date, ensuring its continued success as the comprehensive resource on color appearance models.
Key features:
* Presents the fundamental concepts and phenomena of color appearance (what objects look like in typical viewing situations) and practical techniques to measure, model and predict those appearances.
* Includes the clear explanation of fundamental concepts that makes the implementation of mathematical models very easy to understand.
* Explains many different types of models, and offers a clear context for the models, their use, and future directions in the field.
eBook