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In contrast with the increasing green demands from various stakeholders, corporations might prefer green blushing, that is, deliberately avoiding communicating their efforts for sustainable development. Surprisingly, these companies make substantial green achievements, but decide not to communicate their greenness. Using a broad literature review on green blushing and a conceptual reasoning backed up by anecdotal evidence, we expose the likely consequences of under-communicating green achievements and develop several rationales that explain this apparent puzzle. We also propose that silent or timid corporations can make the best of two worlds, by taking advantage from communicating their greenness while avoiding its main pitfalls. We suggest practical ways to do it.

Alors que les cooperatives sont des acteurs majeurs de l'activite economique mondiale, leurs pratiques d'innovation et la performance de celles-ci restent peu etudiees. Dans la presente communication, nous analysons la co-creation de produits nouveaux dans le contexte particulier des cooperatives de consommateurs. Grace a une etude exploratoire menee aupres de deux groupes de consommateurs (membres et non-membres d'une cooperative en quete d'idees nouvelles), nous formulons quatre propositions permettant de decrire la particularite et la valeur creee par l'integration de consommateurs-membres de la cooperative (comparativement a des consommateurs classiques) dans le processus de generation d'idees. Nous soutenons que le modele de gouvernance cooperatif, en autorisant des formes hybrides d'innovation, permet d'ameliorer l'efficacite de la co-creation de nouveaux produits avec les consommateurs.

Current and likely future changes in the geographic distribution of ticks belonging to the genus Hyalomma are of concern, as these ticks are believed to be vectors of many pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases. However, we have observed that for many pathogens there are no vector competence experiments, and that the level of evidence provided by the scientific literature is often not sufficient to validate the transmission of a specific pathogen by a specific Hyalomma species. We therefore carried out a bibliographical study to collate the validation evidence for the transmission of parasitic, viral, or bacterial pathogens by Hyalomma spp. ticks. Our results show that there are very few validated cases of pathogen transmission by Hyalomma tick species.

Migratory behaviour in birds shows a remarkable variability at species, population and individual levels. Short-distance migrants, in particular, often adopt a partial migratory strategy and tend to have a rather flexible migration schedule which allows them to respond more effectively to extreme environmental variations, like those due to climate change. Weather seasonality and environmental heterogeneity at regional and local scales have been reported as significant factors in the diversification of migratory behaviour for some species of Mediterranean migrants. Relatively few studies, however, investigated the migration patterns of non-passerine birds migrating within this area. In this study we investigated the migratory strategy of the Eurasian Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus using data collected on 40 individuals tagged with geolocators and GPS-GSM tags, belonging to two continental and two Mediterranean populations of the Italian peninsula. The proportion of migrants was significantly higher in continental populations, but we observed a significant variability also within Mediterranean populations. GPS-tagged migrants traveled less than 1000 km, spending the winter within the Mediterranean basin. Continental Stone-curlews i) departed earlier in spring and later in autumn and ii) covered longer distances than those from Mediterranean areas. The speed of migration did not change between seasons for continental birds, while Mediterranean individuals tended to migrate faster in spring. The likelihood of departure for autumn migration of GPS-tagged birds significantly increased when temperatures were near or below 0 °C suggesting that Stone-curlews tend to delay departure weather conditions worsen abruptly. Thus it can be speculated that the frequency of migratory birds in the considered populations may decrease in the near future due to the effect of global warming in the Mediterranean. This could have a significant effect on the distribution of species throughout the year and should be taken into account when targeting conservation measures. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.