Explore the vast range of titles available.

The effectiveness of an intervention package involving self-management and a group contingency at increasing appropriate classroom behaviors was evaluated in a sample of middle school students. Participants included all students in each of the 3 eighth-grade general education classrooms and their teachers. The intervention package included strategies recommended as part of best practice in classroom management to involve both building skill (self-management) and reinforcing appropriate behavior (group contingency). Data sources involved assessment of targeted behaviors using Direct Behavior Rating—single item scales completed by students and systematic direct observations completed by external observers. Outcomes suggested that, on average, student behavior moderately improved during intervention as compared to baseline when examining observational data for off-task behavior. Results for Direct Behavior Rating data were not as pronounced across all targets and classrooms in suggesting improvement for students. Limitations and future directions, along with implications for school-based practitioners working in middle school general education settings, are discussed.

Optimal levels of treatment fidelity, a critical moderator of intervention effectiveness, are often difficult to sustain in applied settings. It is unknown whether performance feedback, a widely researched method for increasing educators’ treatment fidelity, is an evidence-based practice. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the current research on performance feedback as a strategy to promote the implementation of school-based practices. Studies were evaluated according to What Works Clearinghouse (WWC; Kratochwill et al., 2010) technical guidelines for single-case design, utilizing both the design and evidence standards to determine whether studies provided sufficient evidence for the effectiveness of performance feedback. Results indicate that performance feedback can be termed an evidence-based intervention based on criteria set by the WWC. Implications for future research are described.

Although high levels of intervention implementation are more likely to lead to improved student outcomes, educators struggle to maintain high implementation levels over time. School psychologists might provide research-supported, consequence-oriented supports (e.g., performance feedback) to promote educators' implementation, yet these are reactive and potentially time intensive. This study evaluated whether a proactive, ­antecedent-oriented support (i.e., daily, preprogrammed e-mailed prompts) could effectively promote educators' implementation. Findings indicate that for 3 of 4 teachers who participated in this multiple baseline single case design study, implementation of the class-wide behavior intervention improved upon receiving e-mailed prompts. In addition, increases in praise, decreases in corrective statements, and corresponding improvements in student outcomes were noted. This initial study suggests that prompts may be a feasible and effective Tier 1 implementation support that can be incorporated by school psychologists to support educators responsible for delivering interventions in the classroom. Additional implications for future research and school-based practice are discussed.

Although social-emotional learning is associated with long-term success in school and careers, it is often a missing link in U.S. public education. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the need for social-emotional supports for children. In this time of crisis, educators have also sought new ways to make connections and reimagined how students might actively learn with each other. Kristin Murphy, Amy Cook, & Lindsay Fallon discuss what they have learned about using mixed reality simulations to facilitate social-emotional learning with children and what makes this technology a promising active learning tool.

Although there are many definitions of a high-need (or high-risk) school, typically researchers and policy makers agree it is a setting in which a vast percentage of students are (a) living in economic disadvantage, (b) from racially diverse backgrounds, (c) identified as having a disability, or (d) underperforming academically. Many teachers in high-need settings are new to the field or have experienced persistent challenges demonstrating effective classroom management. As a result, these teachers might benefit from intensive data-driven coaching to improve classroom management practice. Yet, existing empirically supported comprehensive coaching models tend to require resources that may be scarce in high-need settings. In this multiple-baseline single case research design study, teachers who requested assistance to provide effective classroom management received feasible coaching support (i.e., explicit didactic training, booster training with verbal modeling). Teachers implemented comprehensive classroom management plans with the highest level of treatment fidelity upon receiving booster training, and class-wide student behavior improved.

The present study investigated the effects of an intensive training protocol on levels of paraeducator fidelity to a group contingency intervention used to manage the classroom behavior of students with EBD. A multiple baseline design across classrooms was used to determine whether the training was associated with initial and sustained increases in treatment fidelity. Data were also collected on the effects of paraeducator use of the group contingency program on rates of paraeducator, teacher, and student behavior. Results indicated that the training package was associated with immediate increases in paraeducator fidelity, which were subsequently sustained following the removal of systematic performance feedback on paraeducator adherence to the protocol. The implementation of the group contingency program by paraeducators also led to increases in the rates of interactions between paraeducators and students, increases in the rates of teacher instruction, and decreases in the rates of aggressive behavior by students. Findings of the study are discussed within the context of developing effective training methods for paraeducators working alongside students with EBD.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to many students receiving remote instruction. As educators support students' learning and behavior from a distance, school psychologists can utilize their consultation skills to offer educators implementation support to ensure interventions implemented are maximally successful. Although the effectiveness of intervention implementation supports (such as direct training and performance feedback) has been well documented, most existing studies involved providing implementation support in person. The purpose of this study was to synthesize single-case research design studies that examined electronically delivered implementation supports (EDIS) to school personnel (e.g., teachers, paraeducators) to promote implementation fidelity. One hundred and seventy-four articles were screened and 12 studies were coded for characteristics of EDIS upon being determined to meet research design quality standards outlined by the What Works Clearinghouse. Results of the review indicated that, overall, studies identified were conducted with sufficient methodological rigor and effect sizes estimates indicated EDIS promoted high levels of intervention implementation. We translate these research findings to guide practitioners' actions. Implications include EDIS being considered for interventions provided to students involved in distance learning, including those engaged in schooling at home due to COVID-19. IMPACT STATEMENT This systematic review examined the effect of electronically delivered implementation support (EDIS) on educators' implementation fidelity. Following rigorous screening and coding procedures, 12 studies containing 46 individual cases met research design standards outlined by the What Works Clearinghouse and were included in the synthesis. As a result of this review, the authors concluded that EDIS may be useful to school psychologists supporting educators from a distance to implement interventions with youth who may be engaged in schooling remotely.

Research supports the use of engaging young students in shared reading opportunities beyond the school setting to scaffold children’s social emotional and academic development. This article describes an exploratory mixed-methods case study examining the application of the Storybooks and Social Hooks (SASH) curriculum, which uses dialogic reading strategies and extension/role-play activities to develop SEL among early elementary students in an after-school setting in the USA. Mixed reality (MR) simulation was also used in curriculum delivery to provide participants with additional and more authentic practice of SEL skills. A pre-post mixed-methods longitudinal case study design was employed to explore preliminary outcomes of SASH program delivery with MR simulation on social-emotional development. Direct behavior rating (DBR) was collected across all sessions and phases of study implementation. In addition, interviews with students and caretakers were conducted to explore perceived benefits of the intervention and service outcomes. Findings suggest that dialogic reading with extension/role-play activities is a helpful strategy to develop SEL, and the added use of MR simulation may further aid with scaffolding SEL development in young students. Implications for educational research and practice that involves combining dialogic reading with MR simulation among elementary-aged children to promote SEL are discussed.

Daily report card (DRC) intervention provides a structured method for increasing communication between teachers and parents regarding student behavior; however, limited research has investigated the effectiveness and acceptability of DRC intervention with preschool students. Additionally, effectiveness of DRC intervention is enhanced when parents provide consistent reinforcement for students’ goal attainment. The purposes of the study were to (a) extend DRC intervention to examine effectiveness and acceptability with preschool students and (b) evaluate the impact of proactive antecedent e-mail prompts on home intervention integrity (i.e., parents’ provision of contingent reinforcement). DRC intervention was implemented in a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design for 3 preschool students to evaluate impacts of (a) the intervention on classroom engagement and disruptive behavior measured via systematic direct observation and (b) proactive antecedent e-mail prompts on parents’ home intervention integrity. Although DRC intervention resulted in negligible level changes in student engagement and disruptive behavior, variability of disruptive behavior reduced following intervention. Antecedent e-mail prompts did not improve home intervention integrity due to high baseline levels (i.e., ceiling effects). Finally, parents and teachers found DRC intervention to be feasible and appropriate for preschool. Limitations of the study and implications for expanding DRC intervention to preschool are discussed.

School discipline disproportionality has long been documented in educational research, primarily impacting Black/African American and non-White Hispanic/Latinx students. In response, federal policymakers have encouraged educators to change their disciplinary practice, emphasizing that more proactive support is critical to promoting students’ social and behavioral outcomes in school. Results from a literature review conducted nearly a decade ago indicated that there was, at that point, a paucity of empirical research related to considering students’ culture (e.g., race, ethnicity) and supporting school behavior. The purpose of this study is to replicate and expand the previous review to summarize the characteristics of the most recent school-based quantitative research addressing interventions to promote social and behavioral outcomes for racially and ethnically minoritized youth. We screened 1687 articles for inclusion in the review. Upon coding 32 eligible research studies, we found that intervention and implementer characteristics within these studies varied, but noted strong intervention effects in studies that included established evidence-based practices, adapted interventions, as well as new practices piloted with student participants. Results inform recommendations to continue to study interventions that promote positive social and behavioral outcomes for racially and ethnically minoritized students to disrupt a long history of subjection to exclusionary discipline disproportionately.