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This paper proposes a multi-port DC transformer for boosting and flexible interconnection in large-scale DC collection systems. It can transmit power and adjust port current, while also having a relatively simple control strategy. The engineering practicality of the proposed DC transformer can be well verified through the simulation of a 4 GW DC collection system. In this application scenario, the proposed DC transformer can operate stably and safely under both dynamic and steady-state conditions.

In flexible DC transmission systems, when a fault occurs in the receiving-end AC system, it results in a power surplus on the receiving-end DC side. This necessitates a dynamic active power balancing device, leading to the emergence of the DC chopper in this context. However, it is important to note that overvoltage can occur during the operation of the DC chopper, requiring overvoltage suppression measures to ensure equipment safety. In this paper, aiming at a typical two-terminal flexible DC transmission system, the composition of the system is first introduced. The generation mechanism of overvoltage in the sub-modules of the DC chopper valve is analysed. Two major categories of suppression strategies, namely system-level and equipment-level strategies, are proposed. The effectiveness and applicability of each strategy are verified and evaluated through PSCAD simulations.

This paper systematically investigates the influence of trough-type stiffener dimensions (height, thickness, width) and center distance on the structural strength of an ±800kV converter transformer tank. The results indicate that increasing the height and thickness of the trough-type stiffeners significantly reduces the maximum deformation of both the tank wall and stiffeners. Appropriately adjusting the center distance not only effectively improves the maximum deformation of the tank wall but also maintains the overall weight of the transformer. When the trough-type stiffener height is no less than 230 mm, thickness no less than 12 mm, width no less than 400 mm, and center distance no greater than 1250 mm, the maximum deformation of the tank wall and stiffeners remains below twice the wall thickness, satisfying mechanical strength requirements. The findings provide valuable references for researchers and engineers engaged in the structural design of transformers.

It is a difficult problem to maintain high reliability while designing the topology of the voltage source converter (VSC) for deep-sea wind power in a compact manner. In this paper, the topology of the converter, the main wiring type and grounding method, and the DC system wiring scheme are studied. The advantages and disadvantages of each scheme are compared in offshore wind power application scenarios. Finally, the half-bridge converter topology and the true bipolar with metal return line topology are recommended for the topology design of the VSC system for deep and remote offshore wind power. The power operating range is also presented. The scheme proposed in this paper paves the way for promoting the lightweight and highly reliable system for the delivery of electricity from deep sea wind through VSC.

Firstly, a theoretical analysis of the fault ride-through scheme is carried out based on the land-side AC faults in the offshore wind power delivery system. According to the topological structure of the DC energy consumption device, the working mode and switching of the DC energy consumption device are analyzed and studied. Secondly, the DC protection action of offshore wind power flexible and direct transmission systems was studied, and the switching strategy of energy-consuming devices was determined. Then the impact of the switching of the energy-consuming device on the DC protection function was studied, focusing on the synergy between the DC overvoltage protection and the switching judgment voltage of the energy-consuming device. Finally, based on a typical offshore wind power flexing project, a system model is built in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the effectiveness of the proposed synergy strategy.

Introduction Despite technological advances in radiotherapy, trismus persists as a treatment-limiting toxicity in T3-T4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survivors, with current guidelines lacking evidence-based dose constraints for masticatory muscle sparing. This study aimed to establish dose-response relationships and propose clinically actionable thresholds for trismus prevention using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with collapsed cone convolution (CCC) dose calculation. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 60 T3-T4 NPC patients treated with VMAT (CCC algorithm) were stratified by trismus severity. Dosimetric parameters (Dmean/Dmax) of jaw-opening (digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid) and closing muscles (masseter, pterygoids) were analyzed. Univariate (t-tests) and multivariable logistic regression identified predictors; ROC curves determined optimal dose constraints. Results Univariate analysis: digastric Dmean showed the strongest association with trismus (p = .0049), followed by mylohyoid Dmean (p = .088) and masseter Dmean (p = .063). Multivariable analysis: digastric Dmean retained marginal significance (β=−1.58 × 10−3, p = .092), with each 1 Gy increase reducing trismus odds. ROC analysis: digastric Dmean (AUC = 0.70) and mylohyoid Dmean (AUC = 0.60) yielded optimal thresholds of ≤26 Gy and ≤28 Gy, respectively (Youden's index). Conclusion Proactive sparing of jaw-opening muscles—particularly the digastric (Dmean ≤26 Gy) and mylohyoid (Dmean ≤28 Gy)—during VMAT planning may mitigate trismus risk in advanced NPC. These preliminary constraints, derived from CCC-optimized dosimetry and based on optimal classification cutoffs (Youden's index), help address a critical gap in current OAR protocols.

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, which has the characteristics of strong invasion, frequent recurrence, and rapid progression. These characteristics are inseparable from the evasion of glioma cells from immune killing, which makes immune escape a great obstacle to the treatment of glioma, and studies have confirmed that glioma patients with immune escape tend to have poor prognosis. The lysosomal peptidase lysosome family plays an important role in the immune escape process of glioma, which mainly includes aspartic acid cathepsin, serine cathepsin, asparagine endopeptidases, and cysteine cathepsins. Among them, the cysteine cathepsin family plays a prominent role in the immune escape of glioma. Numerous studies have confirmed that glioma immune escape mediated by lysosomal peptidases has something to do with autophagy, cell signaling pathways, immune cells, cytokines, and other mechanisms, especially lysosome organization. The relationship between protease and autophagy is more complicated, and the current research is neither complete nor in-depth. Therefore, this article reviews how lysosomal peptidases mediate the immune escape of glioma through the above mechanisms and explores the possibility of lysosomal peptidases as a target of glioma immunotherapy.

Radix (Kushen) has been employed in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for over 2,000 years, primarily for its effects in clearing heat and drying dampness, eliminating parasites, and promoting diuresis. Preliminary findings suggest that Kushen extract or its formulations may exhibit potential therapeutic benefits in alleviating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the safety and efficacy of Kushen extract using a zebrafish model, with a particular focus on intestinal mucosal immunity, and to explore its underlying mechanisms. The safety and efficacy profile of Kushen extract was comprehensively evaluated in zebrafish model. Network pharmacology combined with transcriptomics were employed to predict the mechanisms underlying Kushen extract's therapeutic effects on IBD, followed by validation using Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and molecular docking. Administration of supra-therapeutic doses of Kushen extract induced hepatotoxicity effects in zebrafish, primarily manifested as hepatic morphological abnormalities and exacerbated hepatocyte apoptosis. Conversely, low-dose administration of Kushen extract demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits including improved intestinal phagocytic function, reduced gut neutrophil infiltration and enhanced goblet cell secretion. Furthermore, Kushen extract treatment at low doses significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Integrated network pharmacology and transcriptomic analyses indicated that the amelioration of Kushen extract on IBD may be involved in FoxO4/NOD-like/Apoptosis and MAPK signaling pathways. The RT-qPCR results confirmed that Kushen extract effectively modulates the expression levels of key genes in the aforementioned pathway. Molecular docking analysis revealed binding energies of -8.1 kcal/mol between matrine and the BCL-2 protein, and -10.4 kcal/mol between oxymatrine and EGFR, indicating strong molecular interactions between these compounds and their target proteins. These interactions may collectively contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of Kushen extract. Supra-therapeutic doses of Kushen extract can induce marked liver damage in zebrafish. However, when administration within an appropriate dosage range, it does not elicit significant toxicity and demonstrates substantial therapeutic efficacy against IBD, partly through modulating mucosal immunity. These findings provide crucial experimental evidence to support the guidance for safe and rational clinical application of Kushen extract.

目標：探討運動保健種子師資培訓課程計畫之學員於培訓後至社區推動身體活動之經驗與其自我效能、教學工具使用經驗和推動態度之關聯性。方法：針對國健署「2017年運動保健種子師資培訓課程計畫」培訓完成之1,598位運動保健指導員，於2018年10月透過電子郵件邀請學員進行線上問卷調查，回應之有效樣本865份（回應率=54.13%）。依變項為受訪者自述2017年受訓後至社區推動身體活動之經驗，自變項包括：個人基本資料、工具使用數、推動態度、推動之自我效能等。透過SAS 9.4版以羅吉斯迴歸進行多變項分析。結果：（一）66.36%的受訪者自述於培訓後一年內至社區推動身體活動。（二）經多變項分析發現與相關變項工作年資超過104個月、社區工作、身體活動推動工具之使用種類數越多者及應用工具推動身體活動之自我效能越高者與「身體活動社區推廣經驗」有正向關聯性。結論：2017年運動保健種子培訓課程之一年追蹤調查發現有超過六成之結訓學員會到社區推廣身體活動，建議未來對此類培訓計畫應於事前規劃更嚴謹之評價研究設計或成本效益分析。