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Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have recently been revived to increase the energy density and eliminate safety concerns associated with conventional Li-ion batteries with flammable liquid electrolytes. To achieve large-scale, low-cost production of SSBs as soon as possible, it would be advantageous to modify the mature manufacturing platform, involving slurry casting and roll-to-roll technologies, used for conventional Li-ion batteries for application to SSBs. However, the manufacturing of SSBs depends on the development of suitable solid electrolytes. Inorganic–polymer composite electrolytes combine the advantages of inorganic and polymer solid electrolytes, making them particularly suitable for the mass production of SSBs. In this Review, we discuss the properties of solid electrolytes comprising inorganic–polymer composites and outline the design of composite electrolytes for realizing high-performance devices. We also assess the challenges of integrating the composite electrolytes into batteries, which will enable the mass production of SSBs. Inorganic–polymer composites have emerged as viable solid electrolytes for the mass production of solid-state batteries. In this Review, we examine the properties and design of inorganic–polymer composite electrolytes, discuss the processing technologies for multilayer and multiphase composite structures, and outline the challenges of integrating composite electrolytes into solid-state batteries.

Liver kinase B1 ( LKB1 ) mutation is prevalent and a driver of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy for lung adenocarcinoma. Here leveraging single cell RNA sequencing data, we demonstrate that trafficking and adhesion process of activated T cells are defected in genetically engineered Kras -driven mouse model with Lkb1 conditional knockout. LKB1 mutant cancer cells result in marked suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1). Ectopic expression of Icam1 in Lkb1- deficient tumor increases homing and activation of adoptively transferred SIINFEKL-specific CD8 + T cells, reactivates tumor-effector cell interactions and re-sensitises tumors to ICB. Further discovery proves that CDK4/6 inhibitors upregulate ICAM1 transcription by inhibiting phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein RB in LKB1 deficient cancer cells. Finally, a tailored combination strategy using CDK4/6 inhibitors and anti-PD-1 antibodies promotes ICAM1-triggered immune response in multiple Lkb1 -deficient murine models. Our findings renovate that ICAM1 on tumor cells orchestrates anti-tumor immune response, especially for adaptive immunity. LKB1 mutations have been associated with primary resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with lung cancer. Here the authors show that Lkb1 -deficient lung tumors are characterized by defective trafficking and adhesion of T cells and that, by upregulating ICAM1 expression, CDK4/6 inhibitors sensitize LKB1 mutant lung cancer to anti-PD1 blockade.

Highlights A flow-bed water purification system with an asymmetric solar-thermal and catalytic membrane is designed for synergistic solar-thermal desalination of seawater/brine and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The hydrogen bonding networks can be regulated by the abundant surface –OH groups and the in situ generated ions and radicals during the degradation process for promoting solar-driven steam generation. The de-solvation of solvated Na + and subsequent nucleation/growth of NaCl are effectively inhibited by SO 4 2− /HSO 5 − ions. Although solar steam generation strategy is efficient in desalinating seawater, it is still challenging to achieve continuous solar-thermal desalination of seawater and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Herein, dynamic regulations of hydrogen bonding networks and solvation structures are realized by designing an asymmetric bilayer membrane consisting of a bacterial cellulose/carbon nanotube/Co 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 nanorod top layer and a bacterial cellulose/Co 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 nanorod (BCH) bottom layer. Crucially, the hydrogen bonding networks inside the membrane can be tuned by the rich surface –OH groups of the bacterial cellulose and Co 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 as well as the ions and radicals in situ generated during the catalysis process. Moreover, both SO 4 2− and HSO 5 − can regulate the solvation structure of Na + and be adsorbed more preferentially on the evaporation surface than Cl − , thus hindering the de-solvation of the solvated Na + and subsequent nucleation/growth of NaCl. Furthermore, the heat generated by the solar-thermal energy conversion can accelerate the reaction kinetics and enhance the catalytic degradation efficiency. This work provides a flow-bed water purification system with an asymmetric solar-thermal and catalytic membrane for synergistic solar thermal desalination of seawater/brine and catalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

All‐solid‐state lithium batteries have emerged as a priority candidate for the next generation of safe and energy‐dense energy storage devices surpassing state‐of‐art lithium‐ion batteries. Among multitudinous solid‐state batteries based on solid electrolytes (SEs), sulfide SEs have attracted burgeoning scrutiny due to their superior ionic conductivity and outstanding formability. However, from the perspective of their practical applications concerning cell integration and production, it is still extremely challenging to constructing compatible electrolyte/electrode interfaces and developing available scale processing technologies. This review presents a critical overview of the current underlying understanding of interfacial issues and analyzes the main processing challenges faced by sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries from the aspects of cost‐effective and energy‐dense design. Besides, the corresponding approaches involving interface engineering and processing protocols for addressing these issues and challenges are summarized. Fundamental and engineering perspectives on future development avenues toward practical application of high energy, safety, and long‐life sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries are ultimately provided. Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state lithium batteries have emerged as a priority candidate for the next generation of energy‐dense and safe energy storage devices. This review presents a critical overview of the current underlying understanding of interfacial issues and analyzes the main processing challenges faced by sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries. The corresponding approaches involving interface engineering and processing protocols are highlighted. Fundamental and engineering perspectives on future development avenues toward their practical application are also presented.

Utilization of lithium (Li) metal anodes in all‐solid‐state batteries employing sulfide solid electrolytes is hindered by diffusion‐related dendrite growth at high rates of charge. Engineering ex‐situ Li‐intermetallic interlayers derived from a facile solution‐based conversion‐alloy reaction is attractive for bypassing the Li0 self‐diffusion restriction. However, no correlation is established between the properties of conversion‐reaction‐induced (CRI) interlayers and the deposition behavior of Li0 in all‐solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (ASSLBs). Herein, using a control set of electrochemical characterization experiments with LixAgy as the interlayer in different battery chemistries, this work identifies that dendritic tolerance in ASSLBs is susceptible to the surface roughness and electronic conductivity of the CRI‐alloy interlayer. This work thereby tailors the CRI‐alloy interlayer from the typical mosaic structure to a hierarchical gradient structure by adjusting the pit corrosion kinetics from the (de)solvation mechanism to an adsorption model, yielding a smooth organic‐rich outer layer and a composition‐regulated inorganic‐rich inner layer composed mainly of lithiophilic LixAgy and electron‐insulating LiF. Ultimately, desirable roughness, conductivity, and diffusivity are integrated simultaneously into the tailored CRI‐alloy interlayer, resulting in dendrite‐free and dense Li deposition beneath the interlayer capable of improving battery cycling stability. This work provides a rational protocol for the CRI‐alloy interlayer specialized for ASSLBs. The correlations between the properties of prevalent conversion‐reaction‐induced (CRI) alloy interlayers and dendrite growth in all‐solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (ASSLBs) are established in this work. A tailored CRI alloy interlayer based on the adsorption‐alloy mechanism is thereby proposed to achieve dendrite‐free and dense Li0 deposition capable of prolonged battery cycling stability at high rates of charge.

Nowadays the development of machine vision is oriented toward real-time applications such as autonomous driving. This demands a hardware solution with low latency, high energy efficiency, and good reliability. Here, we demonstrate a robust and self-powered in-sensor computing paradigm with a ferroelectric photosensor network (FE-PS-NET). The FE-PS-NET, constituted by ferroelectric photosensors (FE-PSs) with tunable photoresponsivities, is capable of simultaneously capturing and processing images. In each FE-PS, self-powered photovoltaic responses, modulated by remanent polarization of an epitaxial ferroelectric Pb(Zr 0.2 Ti 0.8 )O 3 layer, show not only multiple nonvolatile levels but also sign reversibility, enabling the representation of a signed weight in a single device and hence reducing the hardware overhead for network construction. With multiple FE-PSs wired together, the FE-PS-NET acts on its own as an artificial neural network. In situ multiply-accumulate operation between an input image and a stored photoresponsivity matrix is demonstrated in the FE-PS-NET. Moreover, the FE-PS-NET is faultlessly competent for real-time image processing functionalities, including binary classification between ‘X’ and ‘T’ patterns with 100% accuracy and edge detection for an arrow sign with an F-Measure of 1 (under 365 nm ultraviolet light). This study highlights the great potential of ferroelectric photovoltaics as the hardware basis of real-time machine vision. Robust, fast, and low-power hardware platforms are desirable for the implementation of real-time machine vision. Here the authors develop a computing-in-sensor network using ferroelectric photo sensors with remanent-polarization-controlled photo responsivities.

The tripod (ding 鼎) and the nine tripods (jiuding 九鼎) are significant in ancient China, appearing often in Daoist alchemy. However, they have been largely ignored by the scholarship on Daoism. Early Daoist alchemy saw the tripod and the nine tripods as critical elements in the production of immortality, but the outer alchemy (waidan 外丹) gave up refining the outer elixir by tripod due to technical reasons. The tripod was merely mentioned in the elaboration of outer alchemy. Later, in the Southern Song dynasty, inner alchemy (neidan 內丹) rebuilt the significance of the tripod and the nine tripods in inner refining, inventing new theories, such as the body-tripod metaphor, the nine orbits, and the lunar phases. This paper outlines the history of the (nine) tripods as a concept and implement in Daoist alchemy.

Taking a large‐scale 34‐MW integer‐slot tubular hydrogenerator as a case study, this paper establishes and solves static and transient field models to investigate the effects of two key geometric features – skewed stator slots and shifted magnetic poles – on synchronous reactance, damper bar losses, and no‐load voltage waveforms. The computational accuracy of the model is validated using measured data. The results provide direct guidance for improving the design and manufacturing quality of tubular hydrogenerators.

In this letter, the authors develop a wide‐angle Fresnel infrared lens for detecting temperature inside closed switchgear. Based on the structural characteristics of closed switchgear, a frame structure for the lens and a single‐sided installation method were devised. A field test was conducted to simulate temperature diagnosis and monitoring. The results indicate that the lens described in this letter enables satisfactory observation of the internal temperature of closed high‐voltage switchgear. A wide‐angle Fresnel infrared lens is developed for detection of temperature inside a closed switchgear. On this basis, a frame structure of the lens and a single‐sided installation method were developed based on the structural characteristics of a closed switchgear. Furthermore, a field test was performed to simulate temperature diagnosis and monitoring. The results show that using the lens of this letter to observe the internal temperature of a closed high‐voltage switchgear can obtain satisfactory data.

Reservoir computing (RC) offers efficient temporal information processing with low training cost. All-ferroelectric implementation of RC is appealing because it can fully exploit the merits of ferroelectric memristors (e.g., good controllability); however, this has been undemonstrated due to the challenge of developing ferroelectric memristors with distinctly different switching characteristics specific to the reservoir and readout network. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an all-ferroelectric RC system whose reservoir and readout network are implemented with volatile and nonvolatile ferroelectric diodes (FDs), respectively. The volatile and nonvolatile FDs are derived from the same Pt/BiFeO 3 /SrRuO 3 structure via the manipulation of an imprint field ( E imp ). It is shown that the volatile FD with E imp exhibits short-term memory and nonlinearity while the nonvolatile FD with negligible E imp displays long-term potentiation/depression, fulfilling the functional requirements of the reservoir and readout network, respectively. Hence, the all-ferroelectric RC system is competent for handling various temporal tasks. In particular, it achieves an ultralow normalized root mean square error of 0.017 in the Hénon map time-series prediction. Besides, both the volatile and nonvolatile FDs demonstrate long-term stability in ambient air, high endurance, and low power consumption, promising the all-ferroelectric RC system as a reliable and low-power neuromorphic hardware for temporal information processing. While reservoir computing can process temporal information efficiently, its hardware implementation remains a challenge due to the lack of robust and energy efficient hardware. Here, the authors develop an all-ferroelectric reservoir computing system, showing high accuracies and low power consumptions in various tasks like the time-series prediction.