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Antenna Theory and Microstrip Antennas offers a uniquely balanced analysis of antenna fundamentals and microstrip antennas. Concise and readable, it provides theoretical background, application materials, and details of recent progress. Exploring several effective design approaches, this book covers a wide scope, making it an ideal hands-on resource for professionals seeking a refresher in the fundamentals. It also provides the basic grounding in antenna essentials that is required for those new to the field. The book’s primary focus is on introducing practical techniques that will enable users to make optimal use of powerful commercial software packages and computational electromagnetics used in full wave analysis and antenna design. Going beyond particular numerical computations to teach broader concepts, the author systematically presents the all-important spectral domain approach to analyzing microstrip structures including antennas. In addition to a discussion of near-field measurement and the high-frequency method, this book also covers: Elementary linear sources, including Huygen’s planar element, and analysis and synthesis of the discrete and continuous arrays formed by these elementary sources The digital beam-forming antenna and smart antenna Cavity mode theory and related issues, including the design of irregularly shaped patches and the analysis of mutual coupling Based on much of the author’s own internationally published research, and honed by his years of teaching experience, this text is designed to bring students, engineers, and technicians up to speed as efficiently as possible. This text purposefully emphasizes principles and includes carefully selected sample problems to ease the process of understanding the often intimidating area of antenna technology. Paying close attention to this text, you will be able to confidently emulate the author’s own systematic approach to make the most of commercial software and find the creative solutions that every job seems to require. Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Antennas Radiation Mechanism Two Kinds of Linear Elementary Sources and Huygens’ Planar Element Fundamental Parameters of Antennas Chapter 2 Arrays and Array Synthesis N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing Phased (Scanning) Array, Grating Lobe and Sub-Array N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude N-Element Linear Array : Uniform Amplitude, Nonuniform Spacing Signal Processing Antenna Array Planar Arrays Array Synthesis Through Genetic Algorithm (GA) Chapter 3 Microstrip Patch Antennas Cavity Model and Transmission Line Model Improvement and Extension to the Cavity Model Design Procedure of a Single Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Example of LTCC Microstrip Patch Antenna Chapter 4 Spectral Domain Approach and its Application to Microstrip Antennas Basic Concept of Spectral Domain Approach Some Useful Transform Relations Scalarization of Maxwell’s Equations Dyadic Green’s Function (DGF) Mixed Potential Representations Transmission-Line Green’s Functions Introduction to Complex Integration Techniques Full Wave Discrete Image and Full Wave Analysis of Microstrip Antennas Asymptotic Integration Techniques and Their Applications Chapter 5 Effective Methods in Using Commercial Software for Antenna Design Space Mapping (SM) Technique Extrapolation and Interpolation Methods Using Model From Physical Insight to Create Formula Using Model From the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to Train Formula Summary Chapter 6 Design of Conventional and DBF Microstrip Antenna Arrays Feeding Architecture Design of Power Divider and Transmission on the Transformer Design Examples of Microstrip Antenna Arrays Mutual Coupling in Finite Microstrip Antenna Arrays Introduction to a Digital Beamforming Receiving Microstrip Antenna Array Chapter 7 High Frequency Methods and Their Applications to Antennas Geometrical Optics Physical Optics Diffraction by a Conducting Half Plane With Normal Incidence Diffraction by a Conducting Half Plane With Arbitrary Incidence Applications of Geometrical Theory of Diffraction in Antennas Fresnel Diffraction in Three Dimensions Chapter 8 Planar Near-Field Measurement and Array Diagnostics Fundamental Transformations Probe Compensation Integral Equation Approach Array Diagnostics Index Professor Da-Gang Fang graduated from the graduate school of Beijing Institute of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 1966. From 1980 to 1982, he was a visiting scholar at Laval University (Quebec, Canada), and the University of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada). Since 1986, he has been a Professor at the Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NUST), Nanjing, China. Since 1987, he has been a visiting professor at six universities in Canada and in Hong Kong. He has authored and co-authored two books, two book chapters and more than 360 papers. He is also the owner of three patents. His research interests include computational electromagnetics, microwave integrated circuits and antennas and EM scattering. Prof. Fang is a Fellow of IEEE and CIE (Chinese Institute of Electronics), an associate editor of two Chinese journals and is on the Editorial or Review Board of several international and Chinese journals. He was TPC chair of ICMC 1992, vice general chair of PIERS 2004, the member of International Advisory Committee of six international conferences, TPC co-chair of APMC 2005 and general co-chair of ICMMT 2008. He was also the recipient of National Outstanding Teacher Award and People’s Teacher Medal, and the Provincial Outstanding Teacher Award. His name was listed in Marquis Who is Who in the World (1995) and in International Biographical Association Directory (1995).

The technique of using a coarse model, obtained from layout-level synthesis of radio frequency components in neural inverse space mapping (NISM) optimisation technique, is proposed. Layout-level synthesis is based on a combination of segmented lump-circuit modelling, nonlinear mapping using neural network (NN) and circuit-level optimisation. The circuit model based on the electromagnetic (EM) simulation describes the important parameters and parasitic parameters and serves as a high-quality coarse model in applying NISM. In implementation of NISM optimisation, trained NN is introduced as a buffer space between the original coarse model space and the fine model space, where the subset of the coarse model space is completely different from that of the fine model space. Stoer-Bulirsch adaptive frequency sampling technique is used in frequency sweep of the fine model to further reduce the computing time. An application design of low-temperature ceramic cofired filter is used to demonstrate the proposed technique. Synthesis and optimisation results of the filter meet the design specifications.

The mutual impedance formula between two arbitrary antenna elements is constructed based on the Fourier analysis in angle dependence and the appropriate choosing of the expansion functions in distance dependence. The unknown coefficients in the formula are obtained through solving simultaneous equations based on numerical sampling by using a full-wave solver or based on the measured data. This formula is applicable to arbitrary types of antenna elements. The two elements could be the same or different. The accuracy of this trained formula is observable by comparing the training set and the testing set. It is therefore controllable. This formula is not only useful in the analysis of the mutual impedance between two isolated elements but also will be useful in array problems where the mutual coupling effect should be taken into account in a finite array environment. The validity of the proposed formula is confirmed through comparisons between the results from this formula and those from the full-wave commercial software.

A speedy computation of the time-domain Green's function for microstrip structures is performed. The spatial Green's function in the frequency domain is written as the sum of real- and complex-image terms, which are respectively converted into the time domain analytically and numerically via fast Fourier transforms. The coefficients of the complex-image terms are both space and frequency independent and are computed only once, which results in a speedy algorithm.

Presented is a multi-beam antenna which can realise 360° switching scanning in azimuth. The antenna system is composed of a homogeneous ellipsoidal lens and a planar circular tapered slot antenna (TSA) array. Each TSA element is fed with a rectangular waveguide by a special waveguide-to-TSA transition. Beam scanning can be achieved by switching between the waveguide feeders. A Ku-band Teflon ellipsoidal lens fed with 20 Fermi-TSAs has been fabricated. Measurements show that the sidelobe levels of the 20 beams are all below -17 dB and the gain differences are all within ±0.4 dB.

Presented is a multi-beam antenna which can realise 360 degree switching scanning in azimuth. The antenna system is composed of a homogeneous ellipsoidal lens and a planar circular tapered slot antenna (TSA) array. Each TSA element is fed with a rectangular waveguide by a special waveguide-to-TSA transition. Beam scanning can be achieved by switching between the waveguide feeders. A Ku-band Teflon ellipsoidal lens fed with 20 Fermi-TSAs has been fabricated. Measurements show that the sidelobe levels of the 20 beams are all below -17 dB and the gain differences are all within plus or minus 0.4 dB.

A simplified partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) model for low frequency is presented by opening the partial self capacitors in the traditional modified loop analysis (MLA) PEEC model when the frequency is lower than a threshold determined by the setup rank of the impedance matrix produced by MLA formulations. Theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the MLA model combined with the simplified model can also give a stable simulation from DC to high frequencies with fewer unknowns compared with the modified nodal analysis method.