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Regenerative medicine holds significant promise for addressing diseases and irreversible damage that are challenging to treat with conventional methods, making it a prominent research focus in modern medicine. Research on stem cells, a key area within regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal capabilities, is expanding, positioning them as a novel therapeutic option. Stem cells, utilized in various treatments, are categorized based on their differentiation potential and the source tissue. The term ‘stem cell’ encompasses a broad spectrum of cells, which can be derived from embryonic tissues, adult tissues, or generated by reprogramming differentiated cells. These cells, applied across numerous medical disciplines including cardiovascular, neurological, and hematological disorders, as well as wound healing, demonstrate varying therapeutic applications based on their differentiation capacities, each presenting unique advantages and limitations. Nevertheless, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive synthesis examining stem cell therapy and its cellular subtypes across different medical specialties. This review addresses this lacuna by collectively categorizing contemporary stem cell research according to medical specialty and stem cell classification, offering an exhaustive analysis of their respective benefits and constraints, thereby elucidating multifaceted perspectives on the clinical implementation of this therapeutic modality.

Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with increasing incidence. Skin cancer is typically classified as melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer. Although melanoma is less common than basal or squamous cell carcinomas, it is the deadliest form of cancer, with nearly 8300 Americans expected to die from it each year. Biopsies are currently the gold standard in diagnosing melanoma; however, they can be invasive, expensive, and inaccessible to lower-income individuals. Currently, suspicious lesions are triaged with image-based technologies, such as dermoscopy and confocal microscopy. While these techniques are useful, there is wide inter-user variability and minimal training for dermatology residents on how to properly use these devices. The use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies in dermatology has emerged in recent years to assist in the diagnosis of melanoma that may be more accessible to all patients and more accurate than current methods of screening. This review explores the current status of the application of AI-based algorithms in the detection of melanoma, underscoring its potential to aid dermatologists in clinical practice. We specifically focus on AI application in clinical imaging, dermoscopic evaluation, algorithms that can distinguish melanoma from non-melanoma skin cancers, and in vivo skin imaging devices.

Cutaneous malignancies are common malignancies worldwide, with rising incidence. Most skin cancers, including melanoma, can be cured if diagnosed correctly at an early stage. Thus, millions of biopsies are performed annually, posing a major economic burden. Non-invasive skin imaging techniques can aid in early diagnosis and save unnecessary benign biopsies. In this review article, we will discuss in vivo and ex vivo confocal microscopy (CM) techniques that are currently being utilized in dermatology clinics for skin cancer diagnosis. We will discuss their current applications and clinical impact. Additionally, we will provide a comprehensive review of the advances in the field of CM, including multi-modal approaches, the integration of fluorescent targeted dyes, and the role of artificial intelligence for improved diagnosis and management.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by central facial redness, papulopustular lesions, and occasionally phymatous changes. There is ongoing debate regarding rosacea as a cutaneous disease with systemic inflammatory effects and its associations with cardiovascular diseases. Although the pathogenesis of both atherosclerosis and rosacea demonstrate notable similarities, particularly in the central role of inflammation, significant gaps in understanding these connections remain. This study aims to investigate this potential relationship by assessing biochemical markers and sonographic findings in rosacea patients who were divided into groups based on disease severity. Our study included 73 rosacea patients and 73 age- and sex-matched controls, without cardiovascular disease. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded for all participants. Carotid intima–media thickness and the thickness of subcutaneous, preperitoneal, posterior perirenal, and aortic-level visceral adipose tissues were measured by ultrasonography. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly elevated in rosacea patients versus controls. Additionally, sonographic assessments revealed that both aortic-level visceral adipose tissue and preperitoneal adipose tissue were significantly thicker in rosacea patients than in the control group, a finding corroborated by multivariable linear regression analysis. While thicker preperitoneal and perirenal adipose tissues were observed with increasing disease severity, these differences did not achieve statistical significance when subjected to multivariable linear regression analysis. The thorough examination and follow-up of patients with rosacea for cardiovascular risk factors may be necessary in clinical practice.

Introduction A study of 402 randomly selected Medicaid enrollees reported an average of a 5th-grade reading level, which is lower than the average 8th-grade level of US adults [1,2]. [...]the American Medical Association (AMA) recommends developing health materials at a 6th-grade reading level or lower [3]. [...]ChatGPT could be used to enhance the readability of dermatology health information and lower it to the 6th-grade reading level recommended by the AMA. Illiteracy among Medicaid recipients and its relationship to health care costs. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services URL: https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/clear-communication/clear-simple [accessed 2023-06-01] Readable.

Dementia disorders are an important public health issue and thus of particular clinical importance. Frontotemporal dementia, although less prevalent than Alzheimer's disease, presents in a significant number of cases in younger populations. Yet, it is a comparatively rare disease process, with a low yearly incidence. Frontotemporal dementia remains an exciting and ever-evolving area of research with most recent studies investigating the role of inflammation in the degeneration pathognomonic of the disease. Here, we describe a case that highlights the connection between inflammation and neurodegeneration. Specifically, we examine a patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis and antiphospholipid syndrome who developed frontotemporal dementia, potentially as a result of the chronic inflammatory state.

Cutaneous and adnexal fungal infections are typically diagnosed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) skin scrapings, fungal cultures, and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) biopsy staining. All three current methods of fungal diagnosis require sample processing and turnover time which leads to a delay in diagnosis. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive, in vivo skin imaging technology that provides real-time dermatologic diagnoses. We present an updated systematic review of the applications of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections in an effort to explore the utility of RCM as an adjunct clinical tool in detecting cutaneous and adnexal fungi We systematically searched the MEDLINE (via PubMed) for studies published from January 2000 to October 2022 that described the utility of RCM in the setting of fungal infections. Of the 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 202 patients were included. The following information on the application of RCM in the setting of fungal infections was extracted from each study, if reported: study type, year published, number of patients included, diagnosis/diagnostic methods, and RCM description. Concordant within all included studies, fungal infections presented on RCM as bright, linear, branching, filamentous structures at the level of stratum corneum. A limitation of this review is that 11 of 25 studies were case reports (n = 1). Larger scale studies should be conducted to explore the utility of RCM in diagnosing fungal infections and to enrich the RCM descriptions of specific fungal conditions.

We present dermatoscopic findings of long-standing, untreated Darier's disease (DD) in skin type VI that differs from current findings in literature. Robust hyperkeratotic polygonal-shaped plugs without a surrounding white halo and classic vascular features were noted on the anterior scalp, neck, axilla, midline trunk, and extensors. Through this case, we aim to contribute to emerging literature in describing features of DD under dermatoscopy to augment diagnosis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) struck the world in 2019 and led to the development of the multisystem coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) causing a worldwide pandemic. Vaccines with boosters were developed due to novel mutations of SARS-CoV-2. Heterogeneous vaccination emerged with the perception that mixing vaccines can provide better protection. We present the case of a 68-year-old male patient who developed extensive acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the left lower extremity, two weeks following the Moderna mRNA booster vaccine (mRNA-1273). His first two doses were AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]. He was started on a heparin drip and prescribed rivaroxaban. We discuss the possible etiology of this DVT, the mechanism of action of the Moderna mRNA vaccine, the association of DVT with vaccine-induced inflammation, implications of heterogeneous vaccine combinations, and recommendations to advise people on possible thrombogenic adverse effects prior to mRNA vaccine administration.

Carcinoma erysipeloides (CE) is an atypical finding among women with breast cancer. CE clinically presents as an erythematous patch or plaque resembling superficial skin infections such as cellulitis or erysipelas. CE can also be the first indication of an underlying breast cancer. Therefore, it is imperative for clinicians to recognize this rare entity for early diagnosis and improving prognosis and outcomes in breast cancer patients. Here, we present a 68-year-old female patient with a history of breast cancer, who developed recurrence of cancer with typical clinical features of CE. Hence, we aim to increase awareness of this rare entity. We also report the dermatoscopic features of CE, which to the authors' knowledge have not been previously documented in literature.