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Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra results in a clinically heterogeneous group with variable motor and non-motor symptoms with a degree of misdiagnosis. Only 3–25% of sporadic Parkinson’s patients present with genetic abnormalities that could represent a risk factor, thus environmental, metabolic, and other unknown causes contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, which highlights the critical need for biomarkers. In the present study, we prospectively collected and analyzed plasma samples from 194 Parkinson’s disease patients and 197 age-matched non-diseased controls. N -acetyl putrescine (NAP) in combination with sense of smell (B-SIT), depression/anxiety (HADS), and acting out dreams (RBD1Q) clinical measurements demonstrated combined diagnostic utility. NAP was increased by 28% in Parkinsons disease patients and exhibited an AUC of 0.72 as well as an OR of 4.79. The clinical and NAP panel demonstrated an area under the curve, AUC = 0.9 and an OR of 20.4. The assessed diagnostic panel demonstrates combinatorial utility in diagnosing Parkinson’s disease, allowing for an integrated interpretation of disease pathophysiology and highlighting the use of multi-tiered panels in neurological disease diagnosis.

Cerium oxide is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. It is a pale yellow-white powder with the chemical formula CeO2. It is an important commercial product and an intermediate in the purification of the element from the ores. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) has gained their importance as engineered nano materials (ENMs) that have wide applications as catalysts in industry, which direct to their prominent occurrence in natural and engineered water systems. In waste water treatment plants, CeO2 NPs can stay colloidally stable and be unconstrained in the secondary effluents. As they entered into tertiary treatment , such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), it is noteworthy that how the generated reactive oxygen species will change the colloidal stability, aggregation, and the surface chemistry of CeO2 NPs. Chemical graph theory plays an important role in modeling and designing any chemical structure. The topological indices are the numerical invariants of a molecular graph and are very useful for predicting their physical properties. In this paper, we study the chemical graph of crystal structure of ceria oxide CeO2. Also, we compute degree based molecular descriptors(topological indices).

Graphitic carbon nitride ( g-C 3 N 4 ) has become a new interdisciplinary research hot spot due to its metal-free and visible-light-responsive nature along with alluring electronic band structure and high physicochemical stability. This fascinating semiconductor conjugated polymer is considered a feasible material for harvesting clean and inexhaustible solar energy in the field of environmental remediation and energy applications. Chemical graph theory plays an important role in modeling and designing the chemical structure of complex compounds. The molecular topological indices are the numerical invariants of a molecular graph and are very useful for predicting the reactivity of respective compound. In this paper, we studied the chemical graph of crystalline graphitic carbon nitride, i.e., ( g-C 3 N 4 ) , via degree-based topological indices such as general Randic index, atom bond connectivity index, geometric arithmetic index and Zagreb-type indices. Curve fitting between the calculated thermodynamic properties and topological indices was done together with the numerical and graphical representation of computed results. This mathematical framework of graphitic carbon nitride based on topological indices presents a comprehensive picture of potentially valuable thermodynamic properties such as entropy and enthalpy which could be useful in structural modification of ( g-C 3 N 4 ) for specific application.

Use of Medical humanities to teach empathy started to come into being nearly 50 years ago. It has been introduced in most of the medical schools in the West for many years. In India the concept is still in its infancy with very few medical schools teaching the subject. This study was undertaken as a pilot project at the Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi to introduce the concept of empathy through medical humanities to undergraduate students. Students were explained the definition, meaning, scope and purpose of medical humanities. The authors aimed at sensitising the students to the importance of the public image of their profession through humour/jokes. The students were encouraged to discuss and reflect on the reasons for a negative image. The session ended by asking for commitment on their part to behave in a more ethical and professional manner once they start practicing medicine. The session was appreciated by most of the students. Majority agreed that medical humanities was an interesting way to develop empathy in doctors and develop ethical values, professionalism and communication skills. It is imperative that communication skills, professionalism and ethics are integrated into medical curriculum at all stages to inculcate empathy in medical students. Medical humanities modules are an interesting way of achieving this aim. Humour has been used as a pedagogic and communication tool in medicine. Its use for reflection and analysis of a situation or as a tool of social commentary to bring about corrective change can be explored. Further research in the subject is required; curriculum needs to be defined, teachers need to be educated and trained.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra results in a clinically heterogeneous group with variable motor and non-motor symptoms with a degree of misdiagnosis. Only 3-5% of sporadic Parkinson’s patients present with genetic abnormalities, thus environmental, metabolic, and other unknown causes contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, which highlights the critical need for biomarkers. There could be a significant clinical benefit to treating Parkinson’s disease at the earliest stage and identify at-risk populations once disease-modifying treatments are available. In the present study, we prospectively collected and analyzed plasma samples from 201 Parkinson’s disease patients and 199 age-matched non-diseased controls. Multiomic and Bayesian artificial intelligence analysis of molecular and clinical data identified the diagnostic utility of N-acetyl putrescine (NAP) in combination with smell (B-SIT), depression/anxiety (HADS), and acting out dreams (RBD1Q) clinical measurements. The clinical and biomarker panel demonstrated an area under the curve, AUC = 0.9, positive predictive value, PPV = 0.91, and negative predictive value, NPV = 0.66 utilizing all four variables. The assessed diagnostic panel demonstrates combinatorial utility in diagnosing Parkinson’s disease, allowing for an integrated interpretation of disease pathophysiology and highlighting the use of multi-tiered panels in neurological disease diagnosis.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The present research aimed to explore the Karachi juvenile prison authority's previous training on learning disability in juveniles and understand their opinion about the level of training regarding such needs. Place and Duration: Karachi, Jail. Sample and Method: The juvenile prison authority's training on learning disability was analysed on three levels - academic skills, cognitive skills, and social-emotional behavioral skills. A sample of 40 juvenile authorities (age 18 and above) was taken from the Women and Children Jail of Karachi, Pakistan. A quantitative survey design using an exploratory study was employed in the present research. The data was collected by using the Urdu translated version of Survey of Professional Developmental Needs for Learning Disabilities. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that the juvenile prison's authority had no previous training of learning disability in juveniles (p=0.00), yet they had a positive opinion about their level of training on two levels of cognitive, and social-emotional (p=0.00) except the academic level (p=0.08).

The world population is genetically predisposed to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, also known as cardiometabolic risk phenotypes, which can cause severe health complications including coronary heart disease (CHD). Genetic variants in the 9p21 locus have been associated with CHD in a number of populations including Pakistan. However, the role of the 9p21 locus in MetS and cardiometabolic risk phenotypes (such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia) in populations with CHD or no established CHD has not been explored. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the association of the minor/risk allele (C) of 9p21 locus SNP rs1333049 with MetS or its risk phenotypes regardless of an established CHD, in Pakistani subjects. Genotyping of rs1333049 (G/C) was performed on subjects under a case-control study design; healthy controls and cases, MetS with CHD (MetS-CHD+) and MetS with no CHD (MetS-CHD−), respectively. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated in all study groups. Anthropometric and clinical variables (Means ± SD) were compared among study groups (i.e., controls, MetS + CHD and MetS-CHD) and minor/risk C allele carriers (GC + CC) vs. non-carriers (Normal GG genotype). Associations of the risk allele of rs1333049 SNP with disease and individual metabolic risk components were explored using adjusted multivariate logistic regression models (OR at 95% CI) with a threshold p-value of ≤0.05. Our results have shown that the minor allele frequency (MAF) was significantly high in the MAF cases (combined = 0.63, MetS-CHD+ = 0.57 and MetS-CHD− = 0.57) compared with controls (MAF = 0.39). The rs1333049 SNP significantly increased the risk of MetS, irrespective of CHD (MetS-CHD+ OR = 2.36, p < 0.05 and MetS-CHD− OR = 4.04, p < 0.05), and cardiometabolic risk phenotypes; general obesity, central obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (OR = 1.56–3.25, p < 0.05) except hyperglycemia, which lacked any significant association (OR = 0.19, p = 0.29) in the present study group. The 9p21 genetic locus/rs1333049 SNP is strongly associated with, and can be a genetic predictor of, MetS and cardiometabolic risks, irrespective of cardiovascular diseases in the Pakistani population.

The twin-spool turbofan engine is an important component of almost every modern aircraft. Fault detection at an early stage can improve engine performance and health. The current research is based on the construction of an inference system for fault diagnosis in a generalized fuzzy environment. For such an inference system, finite-state deterministic intuitionistic fuzzy automata (FDIFA) are established. A semigroup of FDIFA and its algebraic properties including substructures and structure-preserving maps are studied. The FDIFA semigroups are used as variables for the inference system, and FDIFA semigroup homomorphisms are used to indicate the relation between variables. The newly established model is then applied to diagnose the possible fault and their nature in aircraft twin-spool turbofan engines by modelling the performance of the supercharger and air cooler.

Different techniques, including exogenous application of different chemicals as seed priming, are in practice to improve seed germination or seedling emergence for better crop production, especially under water-deficit conditions. The present study was conducted to compare the effects of seed priming with glutathione alone or in combination with Zn on seed germination behavior, seedling growth, photosynthetic pigments, and lipid peroxidation in relation to alterations in seed metabolites, seedling antioxidative potential, and biochemicals under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Three levels of glutathione (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mM) were applied separately as well as in combination with 0.5% Zn as seed priming. Water deficit significantly adversely affected seed germination potential, seedling growth, and biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments in association with disturbed metabolic activities in germinating seeds, and increased lipid peroxidation in terms of the contents of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA). Seed priming with glutathione alone or in combination with Zn significantly reduced the adverse impacts of water stress on seed germination and seedling growth in association with positive boosting influences on seed metabolic activities and increased biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants, with more accumulation of reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (NRS), total soluble sugars (TSS), and total soluble proteins (TSP). Overall, combined application of glutathione and Zn for seed priming was found to be better than separate applications. The 3 mM level of glutathione in combination with Zn was most effective in ameliorating the adverse impacts of water stress.