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This reference specification provides requirements for curing concrete that the architect/engineer can apply to any construction project by citing it in the project specification. Checklists are provided to assist the architect/ engineer in supplementing the provisions of this reference specification as needed by designating or specifying customized project requirements. This specification provides requirements for various methods for the external curing of concrete. These methods are not necessarily equal in effectiveness, cost, effect on the project schedule, or impact on other aspects of the project. Provisions governing initial, final, and termination of curing are included. This specification addresses external curing methods applied after the placement of cast-in-place concrete. While internal curing (use of saturated lightweight aggregate or other materials to provide supplemental water) and accelerated curing (heat curing) shall also use external curing methods, not all aspects of internal and accelerated curing are included.

This reference specification provides requirements for curing concrete that the architect/engineer can apply to any constraction project by citing it in the project specification. Checklists are provided to assist the architect/ engineer in supplementing the provisions of this reference specification as needed by designating or specifying customized project requirements. This specification provides requirements for various methods for the external curing of concrete. These methods are not necessarily equal in effectiveness, cost, effect on project schedule, or impact on other aspects of the project. Provisions governing initial, final, and termination of curing are included. This specification addresses external curing methods applied after placement of cast-in-place concrete. While internal curing (use of satmated lightweight aggregate or other materials to provide supplemental water) and accelerated curing (heat curing) shall also use external curing methods, not all aspects of internal and accelerated curing are included.

The logistics involved in obtaining and maintaining large numbers of corals hampers research on the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants for this ecologically and economically important taxon. A method for creating and culturing single-cell suspensions of viable coral cells was developed. Cell segregation/separation was based on specific cell densities and resulting cell cultures were viable for at least 2 mos. Low-density cells lacking symbiotic zooxanthallae and rich in mitochondria were isolated and cultured for toxicity studies. Cells were exposed to differing degrees or concentrations of heat stress, rotenone, cyanide, sulfide, and cuprous oxide. Cells were assayed for mitochondrial membrane potential using the fluorescent probe, JC-9, and for overall viability using the MTT/formazan spectrophotometric viability assay. Significant differences were observed between controls and treatments and the efficacy of this method was validated; only 2 cm² of tissue was required for a seven-point concentration-exposure series.

The hypothesis that local isolated populations differed in the genetic basis for life-history traits was tested in the salamander Ambystoma talpoideum. Genetic basis was defined as the specific genetic architecture (additive and nonadditive) that contributes, along with maternal and environmental factors, to the phenotype. All crosses within and between three populations were made to produce nine F1populations. Nine within-population crosses produced the F2generation. This design does not permit an estimation of the exact nature of the genetic basis (e.g., additive, nonadditive) for any trait within populations. However, hybrid dissimilarity in the F2generation was taken as evidence of a different genetic basis for a trait in each population. The genetic basis of life-history pathway (metamorphosis vs. paedomorphosis) and per capita fecundity differed between two populations. The genetic basis of life-history pathway, per capita fecundity, survival, and growth rate was similar between the remaining sets of populations. This study and related ones (Semlitsch and Wilbur, 1989; Semlitsch et al., 1990) suggest that a heterochronic shift that causes rapid morphological evolution between metamorphosis and paedomorphosis (a macroevolutionary pattern) can evolve independently and does not require a macromutation or other non-microevolutionary mechanisms.

We report time-of-flight neutron spectroscopic and diffraction studies of the 5\\(d^2\\) cubic double pervoskite magnets, Ba\\(_2\\)MOsO\\(_6\\) (\\(M\\) = Zn, Mg, Ca). These cubic materials are all described by antiferromagnetically-coupled 5\\(d^2\\) Os\\(^6+\\) ions decorating a face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice. They all exhibit thermodynamic anomalies consistent with phase transitions at a temperature \\(T^*\\), and exhibit a gapped magnetic excitation spectrum with spectral weight concentrated at wavevectors typical of type I antiferromagnetic orders. While muon spin resonance experiments show clear evidence for time reversal symmetry breaking, no corresponding magnetic Bragg scattering is observed at low temperatures. These results, consistent with low temperature octupolar or quadrupolar order, are discussed in the context of other 5\\(d^2\\) DP magnets, and theories for \\(d^2\\) ions on a FCC lattice which predict exotic orders driven by multipolar interactions.