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The current meta-analysis explored whether emotional memories are less susceptible to item-method directed forgetting than neutral memories. Basic analyses revealed superior memory for remember (R) than forget (F) items in both the neutral, M = 19.6%, CI 95% [16.1, 23.1], and the emotional, M = 15.1%, CI 95% [12.4, 17.7], conditions. Directed forgetting in either valence condition was larger for (a) words than for other stimuli; (b) recall than recognition tests; (c) studies that used recall prior to recognition testing; (d) shorter lists; and (e) studies that included buffer items. Direct comparison of the magnitude of the directed forgetting effect across neutral and emotional conditions within studies revealed relatively diminished directed forgetting of emotional items compared to neutral items, with an average difference of 4.2%, CI 95% [2.0, 6.4]. However, the nature of this finding varied broadly across studies, meaning that whether – and to what degree – emotional memories are more resilient than neutral memories likely depends on the methodological features of the study in question. Moderator analyses revealed larger differences (a) in studies for which the emotional items were more arousing than the neutral items, and (b) when buffer items were included. Together, these findings suggest that emotional memories are often more resilient to intentional forgetting than neutral memories, although further research is necessary to characterize the circumstances under which these differences emerge.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions and compulsions that differ significantly across patients. Lesser known, harm-related obsessions (i.e., fears of harming others or oneself; harm OCD) can present in varying ways and are often misidentified-even by professionals-compared to more \"prototypical\" contamination obsessions. The present study surveyed a sample of professionals (registered psychologists, general practitioners; n = 73), doctoral psychology students (n = 92), and medical students (n = 143), gathering diagnostic impressions and risk judgements for one of several harm OCD vignettes (i.e., fears of harming one's infant, of smothering one's partner, of blurting an insult, or of completing suicide) as well as a contamination OCD vignette. Harm OCD (76%) was significantly less likely to be identified than contamination OCD (97%) through open-ended identification. Further, professionals and doctoral psychology students were significantly better able to identify harm OCD than MD students, and characters with harm OCD were perceived as more likely to harm others compared to those with contamination OCD. The current findings support the need for accurate media representation of the varying OCD presentations, as well as improvement in OCD medical education. Les troubles obsessionnels compulsifs (TOC) se caractérisent par des obsessions et des compulsions qui diffèrent considérablement d'un patient à l'autre. Moins connues, les obsessions de blessure (c'est-à-dire la crainte de se blesser ou de blesser les autres; TOC de blessure) peuvent se présenter de différentes manières et sont souvent mal identifiées - même par les professionnels - par rapport aux obsessions de contamination plus « prototypiques ». La présente étude a porté sur un échantillon de professionnels (psychologues agréés, médecins généralistes; n = 73), d'étudiants au doctorat en psychologie (n = 92) et d'étudiants en médecine (n = 143), qui ont recueilli des impressions diagnostiques et des jugements de risque pour l'une de plusieurs vignettes de TOC de blessure (c'est-à-dire la peur de faire du mal à son enfant, d'étouffer son partenaire, de proférer une insulte ou de se suicider) ainsi que pour une vignette de TOC de contamination. Le TOC de blessure (76%) était nettement moins susceptible d'être identifié que le TOC de contamination (97%) par l'entremise d'une identification ouverte. En outre, les professionnels et les étudiants au doctorat en psychologie étaient nettement plus en mesure d'identifier le TOC de blessure que les étudiants en médecine, et les personnes souffrant de TOC de blessure étaient perçus comme plus susceptibles de faire du mal à autrui que ceux souffrant de TOC de contamination. Les résultats actuels confirment la nécessité d'une représentation médiatique précise des différentes formes de TOC, ainsi que d'une amélioration de l'enseignement médical sur les TOC. Public Significance Statement Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an often misunderstood psychiatric condition, with vastly different symptom presentations across individuals. The current research article highlights the difficulties that health professionals and trainees have in identifying less popularized presentations of OCD (i.e., harm OCD) that are highly prevalent but less represented in the media and educational materials compared to more \"classical\" presentations (i.e., Contamination OCD). Participants had more stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with harm OCD (i.e., perceived dangerousness), which combined with greater rates of misidentification, represent significant barriers for treatment seeking.

The item-method directed forgetting paradigm is a common laboratory task used to measure memory control. While impaired memory control may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of a variety of psychological disorders, comparisons between clinical and nonclinical groups using this paradigm have been inconsistent-even within the same disorder. A systematic search for related articles utilizing clinical populations was conducted revealing 823 articles of which 36 met inclusion criteria. Raw mean differences were calculated and aggregated using Bayesian multilevel random-effects models. These models revealed a significant difference in the magnitude of directed forgetting between clinical and control populations, such that clinical populations (collapsing across all disorders or combining only the critical anxiety and depression clusters) exhibited a reduced directed forgetting effect. This difference tended to be larger in clinical (as opposed to clinical-analog) populations and in older samples. These results support the notion that item-method directed forgetting provides a suitable measure of memory control sensitive to real-world control deficits and further implies that memory control deficits may contribute to mental illness (although causality remains to be determined). Le paradigme de l'oubli dirigé par la méthode des items est une tâche couramment utilisée en laboratoire pour mesurer le contrôle de la mémoire. Bien que le contrôle altéré de la mémoire puisse contribuer au développement et (ou) au maintien de divers troubles psychologiques, les comparaisons entre des groupes cliniques et non cliniques faisant appel à ce paradigme se sont révélées incohérentes, même lorsque les sujets étaient atteints du même trouble. Une recherche systématique d'articles connexes mettant en cause des populations cliniques a été menée et a permis de relever 823 articles, parmi lesquels 36 satisfaisaient aux critères d'inclusion. Les écarts moyens bruts ont été calculés et cumulés en utilisant des modèles bayésiens à effets aléatoires à niveaux multiples. Ces modèles ont mis en lumière une différence considérable dans la magnitude de l'oubli dirigé entre les populations cliniques et de contrôle, si considérable en fait que l'oubli dirigé présentait un effet moins important chez les populations cliniques (parmi l'ensemble des troubles, ou combinant uniquement les groupes de l'anxiété profonde et de la dépression). Cette différence était généralement plus marquée chez les populations cliniques (par opposition aux populations cliniques analogues) et parmi les groupes plus âgés. Ces résultats soutiennent l'idée selon laquelle l'oubli dirigé par la méthode des items est une mesure convenable du contrôle de la mémoire - sensible aux insuffisances du contrôle du monde réel - et suppose en outre que ces insuffisances peuvent être un facteur de trouble mental. Public Significance Statement Some people are better at controlling unwanted memories (e.g., a personal trauma) than others. The present meta-analysis demonstrates that those with mental disorders characterized by difficulty controlling unwanted thoughts often have trouble controlling unwanted memories in laboratory tasks, too. However, this is not always true, and more data are needed.

OBJECTIVES We conducted a curriculum review of Canadian undergraduate medical programs to identify why aggressive obsessions (among those with obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD]) are so often misidentified by primary care physicians and professional students. METHODS This study involved standardized interviews with representatives from Canadian medical schools regarding the content, time, and teaching styles used to deliver curricula related to OCD. Further, we utilized a set of standardized criteria to assess the OCD content of recommended textbooks from these schools. RESULTS Canadian medical curricula failed to provide a comprehensive picture of OCD. One-third of medical programs did not provide an example of aggressive obsessions to students, with textbook case examples centered heavily (70%) on contamination or symmetry. Only 25% of programs (and 60% of textbooks) discussed the composition of the Unacceptable Thought Domain to include aggressive, sexual, and religious obsessions. Finally, over half of medical programs failed to indicate that aggressive obsessions are ego-dystonic and do not lead people to harm themselves or others. CONCLUSION A series of recommendations are provided for medical schools intended to improve the comprehensiveness of OCD-related training.

PREMISE New sequencing technologies facilitate the generation of large‐scale molecular data sets for constructing the plant tree of life. We describe a new probe set for target enrichment sequencing to generate nuclear sequence data to build phylogenetic trees with any flagellate land plants, including hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, and all gymnosperms. METHODS We leveraged existing transcriptome and genome sequence data to design the GoFlag 451 probes, a set of 56,989 probes for target enrichment sequencing of 451 exons that are found in 248 single‐copy or low‐copy nuclear genes across flagellate plant lineages. RESULTS Our results indicate that target enrichment using the GoFlag451 probe set can provide large nuclear data sets that can be used to resolve relationships among both distantly and closely related taxa across the flagellate land plants. We also describe the GoFlag 408 probes, an optimized probe set covering 408 of the 451 exons from the GoFlag 451 probe set that is commercialized by RAPiD Genomics. CONCLUSIONS A target enrichment approach using the new probe set provides a relatively low‐cost solution to obtain large‐scale nuclear sequence data for inferring phylogenetic relationships across flagellate land plants.

Healthcare personnel (HCP) with unprotected exposures to aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) on patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at risk of infection with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A retrospective review at an academic medical center demonstrated an infection rate of <1% among HCP involved in AGPs without a respirator and/or eye protection.

The first U.S. case of COVID-19 attributed to the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) was reported on December 1, 2021 (1), and by the week ending December 25, 2021, Omicron was the predominant circulating variant in the United States.* Although COVID-19-associated hospitalizations are more frequent among adults, COVID-19 can lead to severe outcomes in children and adolescents (2). This report analyzes data from the Coronavirus Disease 19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) to describe COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among U.S. children (aged 0-11 years) and adolescents (aged 12-17 years) during periods of Delta (July 1-December 18, 2021) and Omicron (December 19, 2021-January 22, 2022) predominance. During the Delta- and Omicron-predominant periods, rates of weekly COVID-19-associated hospitalizations per 100,000 children and adolescents peaked during the weeks ending September 11, 2021, and January 8, 2022, respectively. The Omicron variant peak (7.1 per 100,000) was four times that of the Delta variant peak (1.8), with the largest increase observed among children aged 0-4 years. During December 2021, the monthly hospitalization rate among unvaccinated adolescents aged 12-17 years (23.5) was six times that among fully vaccinated adolescents (3.8). Strategies to prevent COVID-19 among children and adolescents, including vaccination of eligible persons, are critical.*.

Background Seasonal influenza vaccine may attenuate disease severity among people infected with influenza despite vaccination, but vaccine effectiveness may decrease with increasing time between vaccination and infection. Patient characteristics may play a role in the timing of vaccine receipt. Methods We used data from the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) and included patients ≥ 9 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during October 1–April 30 of influenza seasons 2013–2014 through 2016–2017 who received seasonal influenza vaccine ≥ 14 days prior to admission. Vaccine history was obtained from vaccine registries, medical charts, and patient interviews. We defined “early vaccination” as vaccine receipt before October 15 and “late vaccination” as receipt after (date selected using typical season onset and median vaccination dates). Early and late groups were compared using Chi-square or Fisher exact tests. Results Among 21,751 vaccinated patients, 61% received vaccine before October 15, and distribution of vaccination date was similar across seasons (figure). Vaccination occurred earlier with increasing age (45% were vaccinated early among those 9–17 years but 65% in those ≥ 80 years, P < 0.01). White non-Hispanic patients were more likely to receive vaccine early compared with black non-Hispanic and Hispanic patients (63% vs. 55% and 54%; P < 0.01). Those with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and cancer were vaccinated earlier whereas those with HIV and liver disease were vaccinated later. Vaccine timing also varied by state (P < 0.01) but not by sex. Conclusion Among influenza-vaccinated older children and adults hospitalized with influenza, older age, white race, and certain medical conditions were associated with early receipt of influenza vaccination in unadjusted analysis. This may be due to frequent healthcare encounters and targeted public health strategies in high-risk groups. Understanding how timing of vaccine receipt varies among populations can provide insights into variables that must be controlled for in studying possible vaccine effectiveness waning and attenuation of disease among those who are infected despite vaccination. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

The Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) is the longest-living vertebrate and inhabits the extremely dim and cold waters of the Arctic deep sea. This has led to speculations that it may have lost functional vision. Here, we present genomic, transcriptomic, histological and functional evidence that the Greenland shark retains an intact visual system well-adapted for life in dim light. Histology and in vitro opsin expression revealed visual adaptations typical of deep-sea species, including densely packed, elongated rods and a short-wavelength shift in rod visual pigment sensitivity. RNAscope confirmed the presence of essential visual cell types, such as rods, Müller glia, and bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Moreover, despite being centuries old, the examined specimens showed no signs of retinal degeneration. Using whole genome and retinal RNA-sequencing, we further show that dim-light (rod-based) vision genes are intact and robustly expressed, while many bright-light (cone-based) vision genes have become pseudogenized and/or are no longer expressed. Finally, our data suggest that efficient DNA repair mechanisms may contribute to the long-term preservation of retinal function over centuries in the Greenland shark.