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The Ballık area (SW Turkey) was studied as a mixed clastic–continental carbonate reservoir analogue, in which kilometre wide and up to 70-m-thick tufa and travertine lithologies are found in an envelope of detrital sediments, which locally strongly interfinger with these porous carbonates. Former studies focussed on the carbonate lithologies, since they are considered as pre-salt analogues. This study aims to describe the adjacent non-carbonate lithologies, unravel their depositional setting, and address their influence on the overall sedimentary architecture. This study relies on an extensive field campaign, during which 142 samples of all different detrital lithologies were collected. Optical, fluorescence, cathodoluminescence, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) yielded important insights in the petrography of these lithologies, based on which 5 main lithologies were differentiated: i.e., (1) laminated marls, (2) polygenetic conglomerates, (3) massive marls, (4) tabular sandstones, and (5) coquina accumulations. These were interpreted to represent three different sedimentary facies corresponding to lacustrine, fluvial, and shoreline facies. The (clay) mineralogy of lacustrine sediments was extensively studied by bulk and clay-specific XRD. In this respect, special emphasis was laid on the depositional setting of the lacustrine facies, in which both authigenic palygorskite and poorly ordered dolomite were identified. Petrophysical properties of 16 plugs were determined by He porosimetry and N2-permeability, indicating that the detrital sediments are characterised by poor reservoir properties. The latter causes them to act, after assumed burial compaction, as potential barriers within a continental carbonate reservoir system.

This study aims to characterize raw earth bricks containing respectively 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of solid discharges from the flotation of oxidized, mixed and sulfur minerals stored in a dike of the Southern Katanga Mining Company in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This type of brick would promote better management of the environment following the evacuation of waste from their storage site and would limit deforestation. Estimated at more than 1534390 dry tons, they contain certain metals such as copper and cobalt. The micrographs of the different brick samples containing respectively 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% waste, along with their EDX spectra, revealed the presence of interparticle porosity and clay materials similar to kaolinite and illite. The presence of rhombohedral crystals was also detected, characteristic of the dolomite probably from the parent rock precursor of soils present in these bricks, and of the gangue of the ores initially treated by the General of Quarries and Mines also stored in the dike. The mechanical characterization of the samples by punching shows that the different material formulations have close punching resistances, which also appeals to the close results obtained during the sonic tests and which prove that the addition of the rejects almost does not modify the mechanical performance of the bricks. The pace of the punching curves and the shape of the craters are reminiscent of the presence of the collapse microstructure in the bricks.