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In Senegal, only 60% of mothers in rural areas deliver in health facilities. Mothers' satisfaction with their facility-based childbirth experience is one of the factors in their choosing to deliver in such facilities in subsequent pregnancies. The objective of this study was to assess whether compliance with childbirth care based on the mothers' perception of facility-based childbirth care contributes to the degree of maternal satisfaction. We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data collected from 259 mothers who had normal deliveries at facilities in rural areas of Senegal in 2011. The association between overall maternal satisfaction with childbirth care and 23 standard care survey items was assessed. The results showed that the degree of compliance with standard care and eight of 23 survey items were associated with maternal satisfaction. We conclude that to improve maternal satisfaction, facilities need to guarantee compliance with standard care. Au Sénégal, seulement 60% des mères dans les zones rurales accouchent dans des établissements de santé. La satisfaction des mères avec leur expérience de l'accouchement en établissement de santé est l'un des facteurs dans leur choix d'accoucher dans des établissements pendant les grossesses ultérieures. L'objectif de cette étude était de vérifier si le respect des règles concernant les soins de l'accouchement basé sur la perception des mères contribue au degré de la satisfaction maternelle. Nous avons effectué une analyse secondaire des données de l'enquête transversales recueillies auprès de 259 mères qui ont eu des accouchements normaux dans les établissements dans les zones rurales du Sénégal en 2011. L'association entre la satisfaction maternelle globale des soins de l'accouchement et 23 éléments de l'enquête de soins standards a été évaluée. Les résultats ont montré que le niveau de conformité aux soins standards et huit questions parmi les 23 questions de l'enquête ont été associées à la satisfaction maternelle. Nous concluons que, pour améliorer la satisfaction maternelle, les établissements doivent garantir le respect de soins standard par toutes les mères.

Background In countries where hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic, including Senegal, the World Health Organization recommends systematic HBV screening of pregnant women and vaccination at birth to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This study investigated healthcare workers’ (HCW) knowledge and practices regarding HBV prevention and care in the rural region of Fatick in Senegal, as well as challenges they faced in implementing prevention activities related to HBV MTCT. Methods A mixed-methods survey was conducted between May–July 2017 among 112 HCW working in 15 healthcare facilities in two districts of the Fatick region using face-to-face questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics and chi-square/Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze quantitative data, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results The study population included 87 HCW in the quantitative component (83% women, median age [interquartile range, IQR] = 35 [31–40] years) and 11 in the qualitative component. A knowledge gap was observed in key areas of HBV infection: only 24, 51 and 38%, respectively, correctly reported that early HBV acquisition is associated with a high risk of developing chronic infection, that perinatal transmission is one of the main modes of HBV transmission in Senegal, and that three to four doses of HBV vaccine are required to ensure immunization in children. Despite good acceptability of systematic screening of pregnant women and vaccination at birth, only 48% of HCW mainly involved in prenatal care and 71% of those involved exclusively in vaccination routinely performed these two key interventions. HCW reported several structural barriers that may hinder their implementation: a lack of training in HBV and in counseling, poor availability of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), high costs of both screening and treatment, a lack of adequate information on treatment options and missed opportunities for vaccination at birth. Conclusions HCW working in the Fatick region may be insufficiently trained and supported to effectively implement HBV prevention strategies. Our findings suggest an urgent need to strengthen MTCT prevention in this region, by improving HCW knowledge in key areas of HBV infection, providing RDT and antiviral treatment at low cost, and enhancing community-based interventions for the timely vaccination of newborns.

Senegal introduced the infant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in 2004 and recently committed to eliminating hepatitis B by 2030. Updated epidemiological data are needed to provide information on the progress being made and to develop new interventions. We estimated the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in children and adults living in rural Senegal and assessed hepatitis B treatment eligibility. A cross‐sectional population‐based serosurvey of HBsAg was conducted in 2018‐2019 in a large sample (n = 3,118) of residents living in the Niakhar area (Fatick region, Senegal). Individuals positive for HBsAg subsequently underwent clinical and biological assessments. Data were weighted for age and sex and calibrated to be representative of the area’s population. Among the 3,118 participants, 206 were HBsAg positive (prevalence, 6.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6‐8.1). Prevalence varied markedly according to age group in individuals aged 0‐4, 5‐14, 15‐34, and ≥35 years as follows: 0.0% (95% CI, 0.00‐0.01); 1.5% (95% CI, 0.0‐2.3); 12.4% (95% CI, 9.1‐15.6); and 8.8% (95% CI, 6.1‐11.5), respectively. Of those subsequently assessed, 50.9% (95% CI, 41.8‐60.0) had active HBV infection; 4 (2.9%; 95% CI, 0.9‐9.4) were eligible for hepatitis B treatment. Conclusion: In this first population‐based serosurvey targeting children and adults in rural Senegal, HBsAg prevalence was very low in the former, meeting the World Health Organization’s (WHO) < 1% HBsAg 2020 target; however, it was high in young adults (15‐34 years old) born before the HBV vaccine was introduced in 2004. To reach national and WHO hepatitis elimination goals, general population testing (particularly for adolescents and young adults), care, and treatment scale‐up need to be implemented.

In Senegal, only 60% of mothers in rural areas deliver in health facilities. Mothers' satisfaction with their facility-based childbirth experience is one of the factors in their choosing to deliver in such facilities in subsequent pregnancies. The objective of this study was to assess whether compliance with childbirth care based on the mothers' perception of facility-based childbirth care contributes to the degree of maternal satisfaction. We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data collected from 259 mothers who had normal deliveries at facilities in rural areas of Senegal in 2011. The association between overall maternal satisfaction with childbirth care and 23 standard care survey items was assessed. The results showed that the degree of compliance with standard care and eight of 23 survey items were associated with maternal satisfaction. We conclude that to improve maternal satisfaction, facilities need to guarantee compliance with standard care. Au Sénégal, seulement 60% des mères dans les zones rurales accouchent dans des établissements de santé. La satisfaction des mères avec leur expérience de l'accouchement en établissement de santé est l'un des facteurs dans leur choix d'accoucher dans des établissements pendant les grossesses ultérieures. L'objectif de cette étude était de vérifier si le respect des règles concernant les soins de l'accouchement basé sur la perception des mères contribue au degré de la satisfaction maternelle. Nous avons effectué une analyse secondaire des données de l'enquête transversales recueillies auprès de 259 mères qui ont eu des accouchements normaux dans les établissements dans les zones rurales du Sénégal en 2011. L'association entre la satisfaction maternelle globale des soins de l'accouchement et 23 éléments de l'enquête de soins standards a été évaluée. Les résultats ont montré que le niveau de conformité aux soins standards et huit questions parmi les 23 questions de l'enquête ont été associées à la satisfaction maternelle. Nous concluons que, pour améliorer la satisfaction maternelle, les établissements doivent garantir le respect de soins standard par toutes les mères.

IntroductionThough Senegal has one of the highest estimated prevalence rates of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection worldwide, epidemiological data in the general population are lacking and consequences of the infection remain undocumented. The ANRS-12356 AmBASS study aims at evaluating the health and socioeconomic burden of chronic HBV infection at the individual, household and population level. Its specific objectives are (1) to document the epidemiology of chronic HBV infection, including prevalence and risk factors; (2) to assess the acceptability of home-based testing and first clinic visit; (3) to investigate the repercussions of chronic HBV infection on living conditions; and (4) to estimate the public health impact of chronic HBV infection at the population level and the feasibility of a decentralised model of HBV test and treat.Methods and analysisThis multidisciplinary cross-sectional survey includes a twofold data collection: (1) home-based screening using dried blood spot (DBS) sampling and collection of sociodemographic, economic and behavioural data, and (2) additional clinical and biological data collection in chronic HBV carriers at the first clinic visit. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection will be estimated in the general population and in key subgroups. Risk factors for HBV acquisition in children will be explored using case-control analysis. HBV burden will be assessed through comparisons of health and economic outcomes between households affected by the disease versus non-affected households. Last, an economic evaluation will assess costs and health benefits of scaling-up HBV care.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Senegalese National Ethical Committee for Research in Health, and received authorisation from the Senegalese Ministry of Health and the French Commission on Information Technology and Liberties (Senegalese Protocol Number: SEN17/15). The study results will be presented in peer-review journals, international conferences and at a workshop with national stakeholders in order to contribute to the design of programmes to address the HBV pandemic.Trial registration number NCT03215732; Pre-results.

The objectives of the study were to determine the specific richness and abundance of the fish population of Joal Fadiouth's Protected Marine Area (MPA) in Senegal. To obtain a representative view of the spatial distribution of the fish fauna of the Joal-Fadiouth MPA, we chose to sample at three sites in particular the Gaskel, Church and Mbar Assane stations. Experimental fisheries are conducted between 2014 and 2015 during the four hydrological seasons of each year, including cold (April), cold warm (June), warm (August) and cold (November). Three types of fishing gear, namely a purse seine (ST), an encircling mesh (FME) mesh 12 mm stretched and a longline (P) were used separately from one station to another, each station. It allowed us to identify the different species and their distribution in the MPA. A total of 70 species were recorded between the different experimental fishing stations in both zones. These species are divided into 60 genera belonging to 38 families. The species of Sciaenidae and Carangidae are the most numerous with respectively 9 and 7 species, followed by Sparidae, Clupeidae and Tetraodontidae with 5 species for the first and 3 species for each of the other two.

S. setigera is a \"mbep ou mbepp\" gum producing species requested on the national and international market. Its population is poorly known and its dynamics uncontrolled. This study aims to characterize the current status of woody vegetation particularly S. setigera in Malem Niani and Daoudi, Tambacounda, Senegal. The sampling was stratified according to the different vegetation units. In each unit, transects were implemented. Along each transect, 900 m2 samples were made with an equidistance of 50 m. The floristic analysis revealed 30 species diversity. Combretaceae family is the richest one. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) shows woody vegetation heterogeneity through evidence of four floristic groups with a large presence of S. setigera. Woody stems distribution inside groups according to height and diameter is similar in both sites while S. setigera distribution shows occurrence of large diameters in Malem Niani and Daoudi. This study evidences species diversity in both sites. Among these species, economic and social interest ones like S. setigera as a real forest resource and ecological importance taxa were met. Therefore, this study contributes to a better knowledge of S. setigera populations' status in Tambacounda and should help for their upcoming management.

This paper introduces a Bayesian framework for image inversion by deriving a probabilistic counterpart to the regularization-by-denoising (RED) paradigm. It additionally implements a Monte Carlo algorithm specifically tailored for sampling from the resulting posterior distribution, based on an asymptotically exact data augmentation (AXDA). The proposed algorithm is an approximate instance of split Gibbs sampling (SGS) which embeds one Langevin Monte Carlo step. The proposed method is applied to common imaging tasks such as deblurring, inpainting and super-resolution, demonstrating its efficacy through extensive numerical experiments. These contributions advance Bayesian inference in imaging by leveraging data-driven regularization strategies within a probabilistic framework.

Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) are the main rainfed cereals grown in North-Eastern Senegal. However, faced with constraints such as falling rainfall, rising temperatures and frequent dry spells, their production is tending to decline. This article examines the climatic constraints and other shocks suffered by rainfed millet varieties Souna__3, ICTP 8203, GB 8735, Gawane and Chakti, as well as those as sorghum CE__180-33, Payenne and Golob{é}, which are the main varieties released and currently grown in north-eastern Senegal. Based on data collected in Podor, Matam and Lingu{è}re, the article analyses the adaptation of different millet and sorghum varieties to climatic condition and their evolution over time The results show a rainfall deficit since the early 1970s, combined by greater thermal constraints. Analysis of the differences between cumulative rainfall and maximum evapotranspiration for varieties at different growth stages reveals constant water deficits for Souna__3 millet and CE 180-33 sorghum. In contrast, Chakti millet shows positive water balances in over 80% of years in the east and west of the study area, and in 47% of cases in the north. Only Chakti and ICTP 8203 are adapted to the climatic conditions of the eastern and western zones, with a probability of suitability of over 80% for the periods 1931-1969 and 1999-2020. However, none of the varieties is adapted to the climatic conditions in the north. In addition to these climatic constraints, the interviewed farmers attribute the decline in agricultural production to livestock straying, attacks by bird pests and parasitic infestations. exacerbate agricultural losses. It is therefore essential to develop complementary strategies including wider dissemination of varieties better adapted to current climatic conditions, such as Chakti and ICTP 8203, and the strengthening of crop protection systems, notably through biological control and integrated pest management.

This paper proposes a novel Bayesian framework for solving Poisson inverse problems by devising a Monte Carlo sampling algorithm which accounts for the underlying non-Euclidean geometry. To address the challenges posed by the Poisson likelihood -- such as non-Lipschitz gradients and positivity constraints -- we derive a Bayesian model which leverages exact and asymptotically exact data augmentations. In particular, the augmented model incorporates two sets of splitting variables both derived through a Bregman divergence based on the Burg entropy. Interestingly the resulting augmented posterior distribution is characterized by conditional distributions which benefit from natural conjugacy properties and preserve the intrinsic geometry of the latent and splitting variables. This allows for efficient sampling via Gibbs steps, which can be performed explicitly for all conditionals, except the one incorporating the regularization potential. For this latter, we resort to a Hessian Riemannian Langevin Monte Carlo (HRLMC) algorithm which is well suited to handle priors with explicit or easily computable score functions. By operating on a mirror manifold, this Langevin step ensures that the sampling satisfies the positivity constraints and more accurately reflects the underlying problem structure. Performance results obtained on denoising, deblurring, and positron emission tomography (PET) experiments demonstrate that the method achieves competitive performance in terms of reconstruction quality compared to optimization- and sampling-based approaches.