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Background: Alcohol is a risk factor for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, larynx and female breast, whereas its impact on other cancers remains controversial. Methods: We investigated the effect of alcohol on 23 cancer types through a meta-analytic approach. We used dose–response meta-regression models and investigated potential sources of heterogeneity. Results: A total of 572 studies, including 486 538 cancer cases, were identified. Relative risks (RRs) for heavy drinkers compared with nondrinkers and occasional drinkers were 5.13 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 4.95 for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 1.44 for colorectal, 2.65 for laryngeal and 1.61 for breast cancer; for those neoplasms there was a clear dose–risk relationship. Heavy drinkers also had a significantly higher risk of cancer of the stomach (RR 1.21), liver (2.07), gallbladder (2.64), pancreas (1.19) and lung (1.15). There was indication of a positive association between alcohol consumption and risk of melanoma and prostate cancer. Alcohol consumption and risk of Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas were inversely associated. Conclusions: Alcohol increases risk of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, larynx and female breast. There is accumulating evidence that alcohol drinking is associated with some other cancers such as pancreas and prostate cancer and melanoma.

We study the influence of the phase-structural state of austenitic (Fe–18Cr) and ferritic (Fe–11Cr) steels on their corrosion behavior in lead melts with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen ( C[O]Pb = 2 ·10–6 –10–7 wt.%). The tests are performed at 550°С. It is shown that the ferritic steel is more corrosion resistant than the austenitic steel. Corrosion is accompanied by the dissolution of grain boundaries and penetration of melts into the bulk of the material with simultaneous dissolution of the alloying elements (Cr, Ni, and Mn).

We determine the possibility of guaranteeing the regulated level of surface hardening by oxidation, nitriding, and oxynitriding from a controlled atmosphere within the temperature-time range of aging of the VT22 titanium alloy (T = 600–650°С; τ = 2–8 h). The efficiency of oxynitriding in a dynamic vacuum with inleakage of an active gaseous mixture with composition 25% O2 + 75% N2 into the reaction chamber is established. The gas-dynamic parameters of oxynitriding are optimized.

We study the corrosion resistance of VT6s titanium alloy with oxynitride coatings in a 0.9% NaCl isotonic solution at temperatures of 36 and 40°С simulating the medium of human body in normal and inflammatory states, respectively. It is shown that as the temperature of the solution increases, the corrosion resistance of the nitride coating based on the Ti2N phase and modified with oxygen decreases, whereas the corrosion resistance of the nitride coating based on the ТіN phase and modified with oxygen strongly increases. It is also established that, independently of the temperature of solution, the corrosion resistance of the oxynitride coating formed on the basis of the Ti2N phase is higher for higher oxygen contents of oxynitride, whereas the corrosion resistance of the oxynitride coating formed on the basis of the ТіN phase is higher for lower oxygen contents.

The corrosion behavior of ferritic (Fe-11Cr) and austenitic (Fe-18Cr) steels has been investigated in static liquid lead containing 5 × 10 –7 wt.% oxygen at 550°C and exposure up to 1000 h. It was determined that corrosion damage of surface layers occurs along grain boundaries. This is accompanied by etching of grain boundaries and penetration of liquid lead into the matrix, with simultaneous dissolution of the main alloying elements (Ni, Cr, and Mn) of the steels. It was established that the applied loads accelerated the corrosion processes in the contact of the steels with liquid lead. The austenitic steel showed better corossion resistance under loads than did the ferritic steel.

The kinetic characteristics of thin-sheet (approx. 1 mm) Zr–1%Nb alloy samples after treatment in a carbon-containing gas medium ( P Ar + C 3 H 8 = 0.106 Pa) in a wide temperature range of 650–850°C and time 1; 5 and 10 h were investigated. The carburizing of the alloy at temperatures of 650 and 750°C occurs according to a law close to linear ( n ≈ 1), and at 850°C according to a law close to parabolic ( n ≈ 2). The activation energy of the alloy carburizing in the temperature range of 650–850°C at the propane partial pressure p C 3 H 8 = 0.018 Pa was 2.21 kJ/mol. The distribution of microhardness and structure of the near-surface layers of the alloy was shown. The microstructure of the near-surface layers of the alloy after carburizing was determined. The α-Zr and ZrC phase content on the alloy surface after treatment in a carbon-containing gas environment is presented.

Differences in the oxidation kinetics of zirconium and Zr–1% Nb alloy during heating in air depending on the heating rate, temperature and exposure time are revealed. The increase in the heating rate from 2.5 to 6 and 7.5°C/min reduces the activation energy of the Zr oxidation process in the temperature range of 20–1000°C from 70.2 to 67 and 52.7 kJ/mol, respectively. For the Zr–1% Nb zirconium alloy, increase in the heating rate from 5 to 10 and 20°C/min causes an increase in the activation energy of the oxidation process from 65 to 70.1 and 78.5 kJ/mol, respectively. Such an increase in the heating rate (of zirconium from 2.5 to 7.5°C/min, and of the Zr–1% Nb alloy from 5 to 20°C/min) causes a decrease in the thickness of the ZrO 2 oxide film. During isothermal exposure for 5 h at 750°C, Zr–1% Nb alloy and Zr at a temperature of 800°C are oxidized according to the parabolic law. At 800°C Zr–1% Nb alloy oxidizes according to the combined law: first, parabolic, and then quasi-linear.

The present research investigates the nitriding kinetics of the near-beta-titanium alloy of Ti-Al-Nb-Fe-Zr-Mo-V system at 750, 800, and 850°C in gaseous nitrogen at 10 5 Pa for 2, 4, and 8 h. The parabolic coefficient kp of the layer’s growth rate and the nitriding activation energy E are set as the kinetic parameters of the nitrided layer’s growth. The activation energy for the formation of a nitride layer is ~108 kJ/mol. The authors discuss the morphology of the nitride layers as well as their roughness and surface hardness. The study determines the effective diffusion coefficient for the growth of diffusion layers in the temperature range of 750...850°C: Def = D0 × exp (– E/RT), where D0 = 0.0177 m 2/s; E = 215.7 kJ/mol. The friction coefficient of the disk from near-beta-titanium alloy with a bronze block is lowered by significantly more than 10 times after gas nitriding, and the temperature in the friction zone is reduced by 2.5 times.

The problem of Abrikosov vortices depinning from extended linear (columnar) defect in 3D-anisotropic superconductor film under non-uniformly distributed Lorentz force is studied for the case of low temperatures, disregarding thermal activation processes. We treat it as a problem of mechanical behavior of an elastic vortex string settled in a potential well of a linear defect and exerted to Lorentz force action within the screening layer about the London penetration depth near the specimen surface. The stability problem for the vortex pinning state is investigated by means of numerical modeling, and conditions for the instability threshold are obtained as well as the critical current density j c and its dependence on the film thickness and magnetic field orientation. The instability leading to vortex depinning from extended linear defect first emerges near the surface and then propagates inside the superconductor. This scenario of vortex depinning mechanism at low temperatures is strongly supported by some recent experiments on high-Tc superconductors and other novel superconducting materials, containing columnar defects of various nature.

The main causes of fractures of the aircraft structures made of steel, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys are analyzed. On the basis of the experience of operation of “AN” aircrafts, we analyze the methods aimed at the prevention of fractures of metal parts and units of the aircraft equipment.