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Strategic school policy formulation is critical in guaranteeing the balanced growth of education systems that facilitate both academic and extracurricular objectives. Physical education makes a considerable contribution towards this vision through the promotion of lifelong healthy living, physical well-being, and general student development. This research proposes a new decision-making model using Circular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Bonferroni Mean (CIFBM) operators, which combine Aczel-Alsina triangular norms and Bonferroni aggregation rules to handle uncertainty in policy assessment. The essential properties of the proposed operators are investigated and proved. A multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) approach is established to evaluate and rank strategic school policies to meet physical education goals. The methodology focuses on the importance of physical activity in promoting student achievement, cooperation, and educational viability. The case study illustrates the real-world application of the model in maximizing resource utilization, reconciling various interests of stakeholders, and enhancing student success. The findings verify the validity of the developed methodology in optimizing decision-making processes in policy development. This publication provides useful information and guidance for policymakers and educators who want to bring strategic planning into harmony with the development of school-based physical education programs. Abbreviations section is for the symbols, parameters, sets, and indices used throughout the paper.

Lung cancer stands as the most prevalent form of cancer globally, posing a significant threat to human well-being. Due to the lack of effective and accurate early diagnostic methods, many patients are diagnosed with advanced lung cancer. Although surgical resection is still a potential means of eradicating lung cancer, patients with advanced lung cancer usually miss the best chance for surgical treatment, and even after surgical resection patients may still experience tumor recurrence. Additionally, chemotherapy, the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced lung cancer, has the potential to be chemo-resistant, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. The emergence of liquid biopsies has garnered considerable attention owing to their noninvasive nature and the ability for continuous sampling. Technological advancements have propelled circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), extracellular vesicles (EVs), tumor metabolites, tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), and tumor-associated antigens (TAA) to the forefront as key liquid biopsy biomarkers, demonstrating intriguing and encouraging results for early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of lung cancer. This review provides an overview of molecular biomarkers and assays utilized in liquid biopsies for lung cancer, encompassing CTCs, ctDNA, non-coding RNA (ncRNA), EVs, tumor metabolites, TAAs and TEPs. Furthermore, we expound on the practical applications of liquid biopsies, including early diagnosis, treatment response monitoring, prognostic evaluation, and recurrence monitoring in the context of lung cancer.

The irrational behavior of investors selling profitable assets too early while holding onto losing assets for too long is known as the disposition effect. Due to the development of the Internet, the information environment for individual investors has been greatly improved. As an important source of information for individual investors, whether social media can improve investors’ behavioral biases and return to rational expectations is a question worth studying. Based on the post data and actual trading data of the social investment platform Xueqiu.com, this paper studies the impact of social media information on the disposition effect of individual investors. The research results show that social media information can significantly reduce the disposition effect. Furthermore, it is through negative information that social media information reduces the disposition effect. When presented with negative information, individual investors will gradually become more rational in adjusting their positions. At the individual level, factors such as investment experience, users followed, region, and gender can all influence the effectiveness of the information acquired by individual investors in reducing the disposition effect.

Perovskites with exsolved nanoparticles (P-eNs) have immense potentials for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction in solid oxide electrolysis cell. Despite the recent achievements in promoting the B-site cation exsolution for enhanced catalytic activities, the unsatisfactory stability of P-eNs at high voltages greatly impedes their practical applications and this issue has not been elucidated. In this study, we reveal that the formation of B-site vacancies in perovskite scaffold is the major contributor to the degradation of P-eNs; we then address this issue by fine-regulating the B-site supplement of the reduced Sr 2 Fe 1.3 Ni 0.2 Mo 0.5 O 6- δ using foreign Fe sources, achieving a robust perovskite scaffold and prolonged stability performance. Furthermore, the degradation mechanism from the perspective of structure stability of perovskite has also been proposed to understand the origins of performance deterioration. The B-site supplement endows P-eNs with the capability to become appealing electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction and more broadly, for other energy storage and conversion systems. The instability of perovskites with exsolved nanoparticles for CO 2 electrocatalysis impedes their practical applications. Here, the authors show the formation of B-site vacancies in perovskite substrate as a major contributor to the degradation and report a strategy to enhance the stability of the perovskites at high voltages.

Machining of high-strength carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) has faced great challenges in quality control and tool wear management due to their inherent heterogeneity and high abrasiveness leading to serious workpiece damage and rapid tool wear. The present paper contributes to an experimental investigation of evaluating the machinability of one type of high-strength T800/X850 CFRPs representative of aircraft components. The novelty of this work lies in identifying the effects of different specialized drills on the drilling process of the high-strength CFRPs by covering a variety of aspects involving the drilling forces, hole morphologies, workpiece damage, hole dimensional accuracy, and tool wear. Both the in-situ and post-process measuring results were correlated with the input process parameters and the used drill bits. A particular focus was placed on the inspections of the resulting tool morphologies and wear mechanisms governing the drilling of the high-strength CFRPs. The results highlight the importance of using functionally designed drills and optimum cutting conditions in realizing the damage-free drilling of T800/X850 composites.

Inherently chiral calixarenes hold great potential for applications in chiral recognition, sensing, and asymmetric catalysis due to their unique structures. However, due to their special structures and relatively large sizes, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of inherently chiral calixarenes is challenging with very limited examples available. Here, we present an efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of inherently chiral sulfur-containing calix[4]arenes through the desymmetrizing electrophilic sulfenylation of calix[4]arenes. This catalytic asymmetric reaction is enabled by a chiral 1,1’-binaphthyl-2,2’-diamine-derived sulfide catalyst and hexafluoroisopropanol. Various inherently chiral sulfur-containing calix[4]arenes are obtained in moderate to excellent yields with high enantioselectivities. Control experiments indicate that the thermodynamically favored C-SAr product is formed from the kinetically favored N-SAr product and the combination of the chiral sulfide catalyst and hexafluoroisopropanol is crucially important for both enantioselectivity and reactivity. Due to the special structures and relatively large sizes, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of inherently chiral calixarenes is challenging with limited examples available. Here, the authors report the enantioselective synthesis of inherently chiral sulfur-containing calix[4]arenes through the desymmetrizing electrophilic sulfenylation of calix[4]arenes.

T cell-based immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment paradigms in various cancers, however, limited response rates secondary to lack of significant T-cell infiltration in the tumor site remain a major problem. To address this limitation, strategies for redirecting T cells to treat cancer are being intensively investigated, while the bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) therapy constitutes one of the most promising therapeutic approaches. BiTE is a bispecific antibody construct with a unique function, simultaneously binding an antigen on tumor cells and a surface molecule on T cells to induce tumor lysis. BiTE therapy represented by blinatumomab has achieved impressive efficacy in the treatment of B cell malignancies. However, major mechanisms of resistance to BiTE therapy are associated with antigen loss and immunosuppressive factors such as the upregulation of immune checkpoints. Thus, modification of antibody constructs and searching for combination strategies designed to further enhance treatment efficacy as well as reduce toxicity has become an urgent issue, especially for solid tumors in which response to BiTE therapy is always poor. In particular, immunotherapies focusing on innate immunity have attracted increasing interest and have shown promising anti-tumor activity by engaging innate cells or innate-like cells, which can be used alone or complement current therapies. In this review, we depict the landscape of BiTE therapy, including clinical advances with potential response predictors, challenges of treatment toxicity and resistance, and developments of novel immune cell-based engager therapy.

Depression constitutes a substantial global health burden and is a leading contributor to disability, premature mortality and suicide.1 Cognitive dysfunction represents a prominent clinical feature of depression, with approximately two-thirds of depressive populations exhibiting deficits across multiple domains, including processing speed, attention, memory and executive function.2 These cognitive impairments frequently persist despite resolution of depressive symptoms, highlighting the necessity for interventions specifically targeting cognition.2 Exercise training, cognition and depression Exercise training offers dual benefits by reducing depressive symptoms and increasing cognitive functions.3 4 Meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have established the cognitive benefits of exercise in depressive populations and have emphasised structured implementation through the FITT-V parameters (ie, frequency, intensity, type, time and volume).4 However, previous meta-analyses have been limited by their focus on isolated executive function as a single cognitive domain.4 A comprehensive meta-analysis examining effects of various exercise types across multiple cognitive domains is essential to establish evidence-based exercise recommendations for cognitive enhancement in individuals with depression. Comprehensive meta-analytic findings Our meta-analysis of 22 RCTs, comprising 204 effect sizes from 1813 adults with depression, shows that exercise training enhances cognition with a small effect size (Hedges’ g=0.21; p<0.001), including subdomains such as processing speed, attention, memory and executive function (g=0.20 to 0.24).5 Cognitive benefits were greater in inpatient with middle effect size (g=0.48) than in outpatient settings (g=0.15), with similar effects across age groups and largest effect size observed in middle-aged adults (g=0.32) and patients with mild-to-moderate depression severity at baseline (g=0.20). Frequency: twice- weekly (g=0.30) or three-times-weekly (g=0.22); Intensity: low (g=0.26), moderate-to-vigorous (g=0.21), or moderate intensity exercises (g=0.18); Time: session exceeding 60 min (g=0.24) or 30-to-60 min (g=0.20); programme length lasting longer than 10 (g=0.25) or 3-to-10 weeks (g=0.17); Type: mind-body (g=0.26) or aerobic exercises (g=0.23); Volume: over 150 min (g=0.27) or 60-to-149 min weekly (g=0.19).5 Clinical implications Exercise training is a cost-effective, non-pharmacological and accessible intervention for enhancing overall and domain-specific cognition in adults with depression.

A narrow genetic basis in modern cultivars and strong linkage disequilibrium in peach ( Prunus persica ) has restricted resolution power for association studies in this model fruit species, thereby limiting our understanding of economically important quality traits including fruit flavor. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly for a Chinese landrace, Longhua Shui Mi (LHSM), a representative of the Chinese Cling peaches that have been central in global peach genetic improvement. We also map the resequencing data for 564 peach accessions to this LHSM assembly at an average depth of 26.34× per accession. Population genomic analyses reveal a fascinating history of convergent selection for sweetness yet divergent selection for acidity in eastern vs. western modern cultivars. Molecular-genetics and biochemical analyses establish that PpALMT1 (aluminum-activated malate transporter 1) contributes to their difference of malate content and that increases fructose content accounts for the increased sweetness of modern peach fruits, as regulated by PpERDL16 (early response to dehydration 6-like 16). Our study illustrates the strong utility of the genomics resources for both basic and applied efforts to understand and exploit the genetic basis of fruit quality in peach. Longhua Shui Mi (LHSM) is a representative of the Chinese Cling peaches that have been central in global peach genetic improvement. Here, the authors assemble the genome of LHSM and show convergent selection for sweetness yet divergent selection for acidity in eastern vs. western cultivars through population genomics analyses.

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans were the first national guidelines to formally recognise the positive effects of acute exercise on cognitive function, highlighting its transient yet meaningful benefits.4 However, despite growing evidence from individual studies and meta-analyses, the true breadth and reliability of these effects across specific aspects of cognitive function, sample descriptors and the identified exercise parameters require a synthesised analysis. Unveiling evidence for immediate mental gains For this infographic, we present our results from the first meta-review (also known as an umbrella review) of 30 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, encompassing 383 unique studies and over 18 300 participants.5 Acute exercise demonstrated significant improvements in cognitive performance, with a small-to-medium effect size (standardised mean difference, SMD=0.33). Health professionals can confidently prescribe brief bouts of exercise to individuals seeking immediate, short-term cognitive boosts across diverse populations, including students, professionals in high-pressure situations, and older adults experiencing cognitive decline.