Explore the vast range of titles available.

The dry root tuber of Apios fortunei contained about 75% starch, indicating that it is an important starch resource. Starch displayed spherical, polygonal, and ellipsoidal granules with central hila. Granule sizes ranged from 3 to 30 μm with a 9.6 μm volume-weighted mean diameter. The starch had 35% apparent amylose content and exhibited CA-type crystalline structure with 25.9% relative crystallinity. The short-range ordered degree in the granule external region was approximately 0.65, and the lamellar thickness was approximately 9.6 nm. The swelling power and water solubility began to increase from 70 °C and reached 28.7 g/g and 10.8% at 95 °C. Starch had typical bimodal thermal curve in water with gelatinization temperatures from 61.8 to 83.9 °C. The 7% (w/w) starch-water slurry had peak, hot, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities of 1689, 1420, 269, 2103, and 683 mPa s, respectively. Rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, and resistant starch were 6.04%, 10.96%, and 83.00% in native starch; 83.16%, 15.23%, and 1.61% in gelatinized starch; and 78.13%, 17.88%, and 3.99% in retrograded starch, respectively. The above physicochemical properties of A. fortunei starch were compared with those of maize A-type starch, potato B-type starch, and pea C-type starch. The hierarchical cluster analysis based on starch structural and functional property parameters showed that A. fortunei and pea starches had similar physicochemical properties and were more related to maize starch than potato starch.

Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop used in animal feed, beer brewing, and food production. Waterlogging stress is one of the prominent abiotic stresses that has a significant impact on the yield and quality of barley. Seed germination plays a critical role in the establishment of seedlings and is significantly impacted by the presence of waterlogging stress. However, there is a limited understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression and metabolic processes in barley during the germination stage under waterlogging stress. This study aimed to investigate the metabolome and transcriptome responses in germinating barley seeds under waterlogging stress. The findings of the study revealed that waterlogging stress sharply decreased seed germination rate and seedling growth. The tolerant genotype (LLZDM) exhibited higher levels of antioxidase activities and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content in comparison to the sensitive genotype (NN). In addition, waterlogging induced 86 and 85 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in LLZDM and NN, respectively. Concurrently, transcriptome analysis identified 1776 and 839 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LLZDM and NN, respectively. Notably, the expression of genes associated with redox reactions, hormone regulation, and other biological processes were altered in response to waterlogging stress. Furthermore, the integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the DEGs and DEMs implicated in mitigating waterlogging stress primarily pertained to the regulation of pyruvate metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, waterlogging might promote flavonoid biosynthesis by regulating 15 flavonoid-related genes and 10 metabolites. The present research provides deeper insights into the overall understanding of waterlogging-tolerant mechanisms in barley during the germination process.

Barley is one of the world's earliest domesticated crops, which is widely used for beer production, animal feeding, and health care. Barley seed germination, particularly in increasingly saline soils, is key to ensure the safety of crop production. However, the mechanism of salt‐affected seed germination in barley remains elusive. Here, two different colored barley varieties were used to independently study the regulation mechanism of salt tolerance during barley seed germination. High salinity delays barley seed germination by slowing down starch mobilization efficiency in seeds. The starch plate test revealed that salinity had a significant inhibitory effect on α‐amylase activity in barley seeds. Further, NaCl treatment down‐regulated the expression of Amy1, Amy2 and Amy3 genes in germinated seeds, thereby inhibiting α‐amylase activity. In addition, the result of embryogenic culture system in vitro showed that the shoot elongation of barley was significantly inhibited by salt stress. These findings indicate that it is a feasible idea to study the regulation mechanism of salinity on barley seed germination and embryo growth from the aspect of starch‐related source‐sink communication.

BackgroundGreenhouse cultivation is mainly a monoculture system, which leads to severe soil degradation, with significant changes to the structure of the soil microbial community. The present study aimed to determine the effects of fertilizer and waterlogging (WL) on the microbial community of soil that was continuously monocropped with cucumber in a greenhouse for 3 years (2016–2019). Biolog EcoPlates™ and high-throughput sequencing were used to investigate the abundance, structure, and diversity of the soil microbial community.ResultsCompared with the initial total soluble salt content (8.65 g/kg), total soluble salt content after WL significantly decreased to 0.597 g/kg. Compared to control (CK) soil, the abundance of fungal species in the chemical fertilizer plus waterlogging (CFWL)-treated soil increased by 40.5%, while bacterial species abundance in the organic fertilizer plus waterlogging (OFWL)-treated soil increased by 10.7%. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Arthrobacter, Geobacter, and Bacillus was higher in OFWL-treated soil than CFWL-treated soil (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe application of CFWL to greenhouse soil under continuous monoculture produces fungal-dominated soil, whereas OFWL application alone produces bacterial-dominated soil.

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), a promising bioenergy crop, is readily planted in marginal lands like saline soils. A controlled experiment was conducted to explore the possibility of using gibberellic acid (GA3) as a promoter for caster bean grown under NaCl conditions and to try to determine the most appropriate concentration of GA3 for seedling growth. The seeds of salt-tolerant cultivar Zibi 5 were firstly soaked with 0, 200, 250, and 300 µM GA3 for 12 h and then cultured with 1/2 Hoagland solution containing 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl in pots filled with sand. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mater of each organ, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), soluble protein, and proline content in the leaves were examined. Plant height and stem diameter, SOD, and POD activity was significantly highest in the treatment of 250 µM GA3 under salt concentration of 50 mM NaCl among all the testing days; protein content was highest when GA3 concentration was 250 µM under 100 mM NaCl treatment. This indicated that caster bean seed soaking with 250 µM GA3 could be the most suitable concentration for promoting seedling growth of caster bean, improving their stress resistance.

Heading date is a major determinant of adaptability and yield potential in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and is influenced by photoperiod. Among chromosome segment substitution lines, the introgression line C63 contains a segment of the short arm of chromosome 6 from indica Qingluzhan 11 in the japonica Nipponbare background and exhibits a delayed heading date under both long day (LD) and short day (SD) natural field conditions. This study demonstrates that the late heading date of the C63 line is controlled by a single recessive gene, Heading date from Qingluzhan 11 (Hd-q). Hd-q was mapped to a region of less than 43.7 kb. Complementation testing revealed that Ef7 (LOC_Os06g05060), a homolog of Arabidopsis ELF3, is the candidate gene, while Hd-q is a new allele of Ef7. Sequence alignment revealed at least five Ef7 alleles among 11 rice cultivars based on polymorphism in the coding region. Unlike other alleles, Hd-q has a single nucleotide polymorphism (T/A) in exon 2, which leads to premature termination of translation. In addition to delayed heading date, Hd-q has pleiotropic effects on major agronomic characteristics, which were determined by comparing the near-isogenic line, NIL (Hd-q), with its recurrent parent Nipponbare. The Hd-q allele improved grain yield under both LD and SD conditions and in different geographical regions. Finally, a dCAPS (derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) marker was developed based on the T/A polymorphism, and will be useful for introgression of the Hd-q allele via marker-assisted selection. The Hd-q allele is a useful target for the improvement of rice adaptation and production, especially at low latitudes.

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), a promising bioenergy crop, is readily planted in marginal lands like saline soils. A controlled experiment was conducted to explore the possibility of using gibberellic acid (GA3) as a promoter for caster bean grown under NaCl conditions and to try to determine the most appropriate concentration of GA3 for seedling growth. The seeds of salt-tolerant cultivar Zibi 5 were firstly soaked with 0, 200, 250, and 300 µM GA3 for 12 h and then cultured with 1/2 Hoagland solution containing 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl in pots filled with sand. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mater of each organ, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), soluble protein, and proline content in the leaves were examined. Plant height and stem diameter, SOD, and POD activity was significantly highest in the treatment of 250 µM GA3 under salt concentration of 50 mM NaCl among all the testing days; protein content was highest when GA3 concentration was 250 µM under 100 mM NaCl treatment. This indicated that caster bean seed soaking with 250 µM GA3 could be the most suitable concentration for promoting seedling growth of caster bean, improving their stress resistance.