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Aim Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742 (Tgui) can serve as a promising strain for the development of novel biofertilizers and biofungicides. Plants primed with Tgui via inoculation were investigated to clarify the underlying mechanisms that promote root growth and development and activate the plant innate immune response. Methods The relative expression of defence-related genes and of genes involved in the auxin signalling pathway in Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana was quantified. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to visualize the colonization of Tgui in maize roots, and a proteomic approach was used to identify Tgui-derived elicitors. Results The establishment of Tgui in the rhizosphere of maize leads to the stimulation of the auxin synthesis pathway in maize and subsequently leads to increased plant growth. And the extracellular proteins of Tgui induced systemic resistance (ISR) of maize plants to Fusarium verticillioides (Fv) (Hypocreales, Ascomycota); the ISR of maize plants may be linked to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased deposition of callose in maize tissue. Conclusions Activation of the maize immune response was triggered by the mixture of extracellular proteins secreted by Tgui into the rhizosphere. Our study thereby contributes to a better understanding of the interaction between T. guizhouense and plant roots.

Chemotaxis towards root exudates and subsequent biofilm formation are very important for root colonization and for providing the beneficial functions of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). In this study, in comparison with other root-secreted compounds, d-galactose in the root exudates of cucumber was found to be a strong chemoattractant at the concentration of 1 μM for Bacillus velezensis SQR9. Chemotaxis assays with methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) deletion strains demonstrated that McpA was solely responsible for chemotaxis towards d-galactose. Interestingly, d-galactose significantly enhanced the biofilm formation of SQR9 in an McpA-dependent manner. Further experiment showed that d-galactose also enhanced root colonization by SQR9. In addition, the secretion of d-galactose by cucumber roots could be induced by inoculation with SQR9, indicating that d-galactose may be an important signal in the interaction between plant and SQR9. These findings suggested that the root-secreted d-galactose was a signal, the secretion of which was induced by the beneficial bacteria, and which in turn induced colonization of the bacteria.

Based on the emission factor method and LMDI-LEAP model, this paper systematically studies the current situation, influencing factors and changing trend of carbon emissions from rural buildings in a typical village located in southern China. The results showed that (1) the per capita carbon emissions generated by the energy consumption of rural buildings is 2.58 tCO2/a. Carbon emissions from electricity consumption in buildings account for about 96.07%; (2) the per capita building area, building area energy intensity, population size, population structure and carbon emission coefficient affect rural building carbon emissions, with contribution rates of 70.13%, 31.27%, 0.61%, −1.21% and −0.80%, respectively; (3) from 2021 to 2060, the carbon emissions of rural buildings are expected to increase first and then decrease. In 2021, the base year, carbon emissions from buildings were 2755.49 tCO2. The carbon emissions will peak at 5275.5 tCO2. Measures such as controlling the scale of buildings and improving the utilization rate of clean energy can effectively reduce carbon emissions, in which case the peak can be reduced to 4830.06 tCO2. Finally, the countermeasures and suggestions about rural building energy saving and emission reduction are proposed, including improving the construction management, raising energy efficiency standards in buildings, increasing the proportion of clean energy and raising residents’ awareness of energy conservation.

Bacterial motility relying on flagella is characterized by several modes, including swimming, swarming, twitching, and gliding. This motility allows bacteria to adapt remarkably well to hostile environments. More than 50% of bacteria naturally contain flagella, which are crucial for bacterial chemotaxis motility. Chemotaxis can be either positive, where bacteria move towards a chemical source, or negative, known as chemorepulsion, where bacteria move away from the source. Although much is known about the mechanisms driving chemotaxis towards attractants, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemorepulsion remain elusive. Chemotaxis plays an important role in the colonization of the rhizosphere by rhizobacteria. Recently, researchers have systematically studied the identification and recognition mechanisms of chemoattractants. However, the mechanisms underlying chemorepellents remain unclear. Systematically sorting and analyzing research on chemorepellents could significantly enhance our understanding of how these compounds help probiotics evade harmful environments or drive away pathogens.

Division of labor, where subpopulations perform complementary tasks simultaneously within an assembly, characterizes major evolutionary transitions of cooperation in certain cases. Currently, the mechanism and significance of mediating the interaction between different cell types during the division of labor, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism and ecological function of a policing system for optimizing the division of labor in Bacillus velezensis SQR9. During biofilm formation, cells differentiated into the extracellular matrix (ECM)-producers and cheater-like nonproducers. ECM-producers were also active in the biosynthesis of genomic island-governed toxic bacillunoic acids (BAs) and self-resistance; while the nonproducers were sensitive to this antibiotic and could be partially eliminated. Spo0A was identified to be the co-regulator for triggering both ECM production and BAs synthesis/immunity. Besides its well-known regulation of ECM secretion, Spo0A activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase to produce malonyl-CoA, which is essential for BAs biosynthesis, thereby stimulating BAs production and self-immunity. Finally, the policing system not only excluded ECM-nonproducing cheater-like individuals but also improved the production of other public goods such as protease and siderophore, consequently, enhancing the population stability and ecological fitness under stress conditions and in the rhizosphere. This study provides insights into our understanding of the maintenance and evolution of microbial cooperation.

The rhizosphere microbiome plays a critical role in promoting crop health and productivity. Selenium (Se), a beneficial trace element for plants, not only enhances resistance to both abiotic and biotic stresses but also modulates soil microbial communities. Se biofortification of crops grown in seleniferous soils using selenobacteria represents an eco-friendly and sustainable biotechnological approach. Crops primarily absorb selenium from the soil in its oxidized forms, selenate and selenite, and subsequently convert it into organic Se compounds. However, the role of Se-oxidizing bacteria in soil Se transformation, bioavailability, and plant uptake remains poorly understood. In this review, systematic collection and analysis of research on selenobacteria, including both Se-oxidizing and Se-reducing bacteria, are therefore essential to elucidate their functions in enhancing crop growth and health. These insights can (i) deepen our mechanistic understanding of microbially mediated Se cycling and stress resilience and (ii) offer a novel framework for nanomicrobiome engineering aimed at promoting sustainable food production.

The dominant bacteria enriched in the Fusarium wilt plants’ rhizosphere are of increasing interest, as they adapt well to the diseased rhizosphere. However, general information about these bacteria is still lacking. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of Fusarium wilt plants rhizosphere and comprehensive studies to obtain information about the robust variation in the rhizosphere microbiome of Fusarium wilt plants. We demonstrate that Fusarium infection reproducibly changes the rhizosphere bacterial community composition. The rhizosphere microbiomes of Fusarium wilt plants are characterized by the enrichment of Flavobacterium , gene cassettes involved in antioxidant functions related to sulfur metabolism and the root secreted tocopherol acetate. We further isolate antagonistic Flavobacterium anhuiense from the diseased tomato rhizosphere, and reveal that the growth of F. anhuiense and the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism in this strain are significantly stimulated by tocopherol acetate. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of F. anhuiense against F. oxysporum and F. anhuiense population enhancement by tocopherol acetate are confirmed in planta . The robust variation in the rhizosphere microbiome elucidates key principles governing the general assembly mechanism of the microbiome in the Fusarium wilt plants’ rhizosphere. This study reveals how tomato plants recruit specific bacteria to combat Fusarium wilt. A key bacterium is identified to thrive on root-derived compounds and suppress the fungal pathogen, offering insights into plant-microbe defense alliances.

This paper proposes a demagnetization fault detection, mode recognition, magnetic pole positioning, and degree evaluation method for permanent magnet synchronous motors. First, the analytical model of the single-coil no-load back electromotive force (EMF) of demagnetization fault for Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) arbitrary magnetic poles is established. In the analytical model, the single-coil no-load back EMF residual of the health state and the single magnetic pole sequential demagnetization fault are calculated and normalized. Model results are used as the fault sample database. Second, the energy interval database of the single-coil no-load back EMF residual with different numbers of magnetic pole demagnetization is established. Demagnetization fault detection and degree evaluation are performed by the real-time acquired amplitudes of the single-coil no-load back EMF residual. The number of demagnetization poles is determined by comparing the energy of the single-coil no-load back EMF residual with the energy interval database. Demagnetization mode recognition and magnetic pole positioning are realized by analyzing the correlation coefficients between normalized the single-coil no-load back EMF residual and the fault sample database. Finally, results of analysis of the finite element simulation validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Numerous experimental approaches often face challenges in distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of Hfq-mediated regulation. New technologies based on high-throughput sequencing are increasingly providing insight into the global regulation of Hfq in gene expression. Here, enhanced UV cross-linking immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing was employed to identify the Hfq-binding sites and potential targets in the root-associated Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 and identify hundreds of novel Hfq-binding RNAs that are predicted to be involved in metabolism, environmental adaptation, and nitrogen fixation. In particular, we have shown Hfq interactions with various regulatory proteins’ mRNA and their potential targets at the posttranscriptional level. This study not only enhances our understanding of Hfq regulation but, importantly, also provides a framework for addressing integrated regulatory network underlying root-associated nitrogen fixation.

A tubular permanent-magnet linear generator is suitable for direct drive wave energy conversion owing to its simple structure, easy maintenance and high efficiency. In this study, a novel Gramme winding tubular permanent-magnet linear generator (GW) is designed to increase power density. First, the structure of the Gramme winding and concentrated winding tubular permanent-magnet linear generator is introduced and the operation principle of the generator is analysed. Second, the initial parameters of GW are determined based on the similar overall dimensions to those of the concentrated winding tubular permanent-magnet linear generator. Third, the air gap flux density, external characteristics, voltage regulation, output power, and loss of the two generators are compared. Finally, the DC load capacities of the two generators are compared based on a three-phase full-control bridge rectifying circuit. The results show that the GW has a higher power density than the latter.