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Ammonia (NH3) potentially harms human health, the ecosystem, industrial and agricultural production, and other fields. Therefore, the detection of NH3 has broad prospects and important significance. Ti3C2Tx is a common MXene material that is great for detecting NH3 at room temperature because it has a two-dimensional layered structure, a large specific surface area, is easy to functionalize on the surface, is sensitive to gases at room temperature, and is very selective for NH3. This review provides a detailed description of the preparation process as well as recent advances in the development of gas-sensing materials based on Ti3C2Tx MXene for room-temperature NH3 detection. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation and synthesis methods for Ti3C2Tx MXene’s performance. Since the gas-sensitive performance of pure Ti3C2Tx MXene regarding NH3 can be further improved, this review discusses additional composite materials, including metal oxides, conductive polymers, and two-dimensional materials that can be used to improve the sensitivity of pure Ti3C2Tx MXene to NH3. Furthermore, the present state of research on the NH3 sensitivity mechanism of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based sensors is summarized in this study. Finally, this paper analyzes the challenges and future prospects of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based gas-sensitive materials for room-temperature NH3 detection.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PJP) is a severe respiratory infection caused by Pneumocystis in immunocompromised hosts. The role of P. colonization in the development or progression of various pulmonary diseases has been reported. Our aim was to explore serial change in serum biomarkers and the independent risk factors for mortality in patients with and without chronic pulmonary diseases who developed PJP. We performed a retrospective study to select patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021. Information regarding demographics, clinical characteristics, underlying diseases, laboratory tests, treatment, and outcomes was collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. A total of 167 patients diagnosed with PJP were included in the study: 53 in the CPD-PJP group and 114 in the NCPD-PJP group. The number of patients with PJP showed an increasing trend over the 10-year period. A similar trend was observed for in-hospital mortality. Independent risk factors associated with death in the NCPD-PJP group were procalcitonin level (adjusted OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16, P=0.01), pneumothorax (adjusted OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.38, P=0.002), neutrophil count (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.05-1.53, P=0.01) at 14 days, and hemoglobin level (adjusted OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98; P=0.002) at 14 days after admission. The risk factor associated with death in the CPD-PJP group was neutrophil count (adjusted OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.99-1.43; P=0.05) at 14 days after admission. The risk factors for death were different between patients with PJP with and without chronic pulmonary disease. Early identification of these factors in patients with PJP and other underlying diseases may improve prognosis.

This study proposes a high-resolution rotation-measuring system for miniaturized MEMS ultrasonic motors using tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors for the first time. Initially, the architecture and principle of the rotation-measuring system are described in detail. Then, the finite element simulation is implemented to determine the miniaturized permanent magnet’s residual magnetization, dimensions, and TMR sensor position. Finally, the experiments are implemented to evaluate the performance. Using calibration based on a high-precision servo motor, it is found that the relationship between the output and rotational angle is highly linear and immune to the rotor’s out-of-plane movement. Meanwhile, the angle-detecting resolution is higher than 0.1°. After the calibration, the continuous rotation of the MEMS ultrasonic motor is tested. It is found that the angle testing result varies with a period close to 360°, which indicates that the rotation-measuring system has successfully detected the motor’s rotation.

pneumonia (PCP) is a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Many risk factors for poor prognosis have been reported, but few studies have created predictive models with these variables to calculate the death rate accurately. This study created nomogram models for the precise prediction of mortality risk in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uninfected and HIV-infected patients with PCP. A retrospective study was performed over a 10-year period to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PCP in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected adults treated in Beijing, China from 2010 to 2019. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify mortality risk factors to create the nomograms. Nomogram models were evaluated by using a bootstrapped concordance index, calibration plots and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A total of 167 HIV-uninfected and 193 HIV-infected PCP patients were included in the study. Pneumothorax, duration of fever after admission, CD4+ T cells ≤100/µL and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) combined with caspofungin (CAS) treatment were independent risk factors for death in HIV-uninfected PCP patients. We derived a well calibrated nomogram for mortality by using these variables. The area under the curve was 0.865 (95% confidence interval 0.799-0.931). Independent risk factors for death in HIV-infected PCP patients were pneumothorax, platelet (PLT) ≤80×10 /L, haemoglobin (HGB) ≤90 g/L, albumin (ALB), cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection and TMP-SMX combined with CAS treatment. The nomogram showed good discrimination, with a C-index of 0.904 and excellent calibration. The nomograms which were derived may be useful tools for the precise prediction of mortality in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected patients, but require validation in clinical practice.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography (TomoSAR) is able to separate multiple scatterers layovered inside the same resolution cell in high-resolution SAR images of urban scenarios, usually with a large number of orbits, making it an expensive and unfeasible task for many practical applications. Targeting at finding out the minimum number of images necessary for tomographic reconstruction, this paper innovatively applies minimum redundancy array (MRA) for tomographic baseline array optimization. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted by means of Two-step Iterative Shrinkage/Thresholding (TWIST) and Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (TSVD) to fully evaluate the tomographic performance of MRA orbits in terms of detection rates, Cramer Rao Lower Bounds, as well as resistance against sidelobes. Experiments on COSMO-SkyMed and TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X data are also conducted in this paper. The results from simulations and experiments on real data have both demonstrated that introducing MRA for baseline optimization in SAR tomography can benefit from the dramatic reduction of necessary orbit numbers, if the recently proposed TWIST method is used for tomographic reconstruction. Although the simulation and experiments in this manuscript are carried out using spaceborne data, the outcome of this paper can also give examples for airborne TomoSAR when designing flight orbits using airborne sensors.

Due to the intrinsic side-looking geometry of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), time series interferometric SAR is only able to monitor displacements in line-of-sight (LOS) direction, which limits the accuracy of displacement measurement in landslide monitoring. This is because the LOS displacement is only a three dimensional projection of real displacement of a certain ground object. Targeting at this problem, a precise digital elevation model (DEM) assisted slope displacement retrieval method is proposed and applied to a case study over the high and steep slope of the Dagushan open pit mine. In the case study, the precise DEM generated by laser scanning is first used to minimize topographic residuals in small baseline subsets analysis. Then, the LOS displacements are converted to slope direction with assistance of the precise DEM. By comparing with ground measurements, relative root mean square errors (RMSE) of the estimated slope displacements reach approximately 12–13% for the ascending orbit, and 5.4–9.2% for the descending orbit in our study area. In order to validate the experimental results, comparison with microseism monitoring results is also conducted. Moreover, both results have found that the largest slope displacements occur on the slope part, with elevations varying from −138 m to −210 m, which corresponds to the landslide area. Moreover, there is a certain correlation with precipitation, as revealed by the displacement time series. The outcome of this article shows that rock mass structure, lithology, and precipitation are main factors affecting the stability of high and steep mining slopes.

To replace the worn-out cutter of tunnel boring machines timely, it is crucial to inspect the cutter’s wear. In this work, a novel detection method based on magnetic force is proposed to overcome the drawback of nonlinearity in current detecting technology. The principle is that the magnetic force between the cutter and the permanent magnet linearly decreases with increasing wear. Firstly, the magnetic force is investigated by the finite element simulation to find the optimal placement of the permanent magnet to realize both high linearity and sensitivity. Secondly, a highly-sensitive force sensor with an S shape is designed to measure the magnetic force. The four strain gauges in the force sensor are combined into a Wheatstone bridge to suppress the common-mode effect, such as temperature. Experimental testing on the magnetic force is performed to verify the feasibility of the detection method. The testing result shows that the magnetic force linearly decreases with the increasing wear loss at a rate of −793 mN/mm. The accuracy of the detecting method approaches 1 mm, which is of the same order of magnitude as those in previous studies.

Aging induces significant alterations in the immune system, with immunosenescence contributing to age‐related diseases. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) offer a convenient and comprehensive snapshot of the body's immune status. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis of PBMCs using both bulk‐cell and single‐cell RNA‐seq data, spanning from children to frail elderlies, to investigate age‐related changes. We observed dynamic changes in the PBMC transcriptome during healthy aging, including dramatic shifts in inflammation, myeloid cells, and lymphocyte features during early life, followed by relative stability in later stages. Conversely, frail elderly individuals exhibited notable disruptions in peripheral immune cells, including an increased senescent phenotype in monocytes with elevated inflammatory cytokine expression, heightened effector activation in regulatory T cells, and functional impairment of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of immunosenescence, elucidating the mechanisms driving abnormal inflammation and immunosuppression in frailty. Integrated analysis of bulk‐cell and single‐cell RNA‐seq data from childhood to frailty revealed nonlinear transcriptomic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, marked by dramatic early‐life shifts in inflammation, myeloid cells, and lymphocyte features, followed by stability in healthy elderly individuals. In contrast, frail elderly individuals showed disrupted immune profiles, characterized by heightened monocyte‐driven inflammation, regulatory T‐cell activation, and impaired cytotoxic lymphocyte function.

Ammonia (NH ) potentially harms human health, the ecosystem, industrial and agricultural production, and other fields. Therefore, the detection of NH has broad prospects and important significance. Ti C T is a common MXene material that is great for detecting NH at room temperature because it has a two-dimensional layered structure, a large specific surface area, is easy to functionalize on the surface, is sensitive to gases at room temperature, and is very selective for NH . This review provides a detailed description of the preparation process as well as recent advances in the development of gas-sensing materials based on Ti C T MXene for room-temperature NH detection. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various preparation and synthesis methods for Ti C T MXene's performance. Since the gas-sensitive performance of pure Ti C T MXene regarding NH can be further improved, this review discusses additional composite materials, including metal oxides, conductive polymers, and two-dimensional materials that can be used to improve the sensitivity of pure Ti C T MXene to NH . Furthermore, the present state of research on the NH sensitivity mechanism of Ti C T MXene-based sensors is summarized in this study. Finally, this paper analyzes the challenges and future prospects of Ti C T MXene-based gas-sensitive materials for room-temperature NH detection.

T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL) is a heterogeneous malignant disease with high relapse and mortality rates. To characterise the multiomics features of T‐ALL, we conducted integrative analyses using single‐cell RNA, TCR and chromatin accessibility sequencing on pre‐ and post‐treatment peripheral blood and bone marrow samples of the same patients. We found that there is transcriptional rewiring of gene regulatory networks in T‐ALL cells. Some transcription factors, such as TCF3 and KLF3, showed differences in activity and expression levels between T‐ALL and normal T cells and were associated with the prognosis of T‐ALL patients. Furthermore, we identified multiple malignant TCR clonotypes among the T‐ALL cells, where the clonotypes consisted of distinct combinations of the same TCR α and β chain per patient. The T‐ALL cells displayed clonotype‐specific immature thymocyte cellular characteristics and response to chemotherapy. Remarkably, T‐ALL cells with an orphan TCRβ chain displayed the strongest stemness and resistance to chemotherapy. Our study provided transcriptome and epigenome characterisation of T‐ALL cells categorised by TCR clonotypes, which may be helpful for the development of novel predictive markers to evaluate treatment effectiveness for T‐ALL. Delineation of rewired regulatory networks and TCR clonotype‐specific heterogeneity in T‐ALL cells by single‐cell multiomics, providing critical insights for potential therapeutic targets, disease stratification method and prognosis predictor for T‐ALL.