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"Feng, Yong"
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حيوية شينجيانغ
يتناول كتاب (حيوية شينجيانغ) الإنجازات والنتائج المتميزة التي حققتها شينجيانغ منذ عهد الإصلاح والانفتاح تحت قيادة اللجنة المركزية للحزب الشيوعي الصيني وفي ظل الجهود المشتركة بين كافة القوميات بشينجيانغ معتمدا على التغيير والتنمية التي حظيت بها شينجيانغ في العصر الحديث، وذلك من خلال مجموعة من الجوانب مثل تطور النقل والمواصلات بشينجيانغ والتحضر والزراعة والصناعة والقضايا الاجتماعية والجوانب المعيشية وغيرها، كما استعرض الكتاب الحياة السعيدة التي تمتعت بها كافة قوميات شينجيانغ في ظل العصر الحديث. وهكذا يكون الكتاب قد قدم للقارئ شينجيانغ الحيوية التي تتمتع بالنشاط والعزيمة.
Book
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a vicious cycle of immunosuppression
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is commonly complicated by septic conditions, and is responsible for increased mortality and poor outcomes in septic patients. Uncontrolled neuroinflammation and ischemic injury are major contributors to brain dysfunction, which arises from intractable immune malfunction and the collapse of neuroendocrine immune networks, such as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and sympathetic nervous system. Dysfunction in these neuromodulatory mechanisms compromised by SAE jeopardizes systemic immune responses, including those of neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, which ultimately results in a vicious cycle between brain injury and a progressively aberrant immune response. Deep insight into the crosstalk between SAE and peripheral immunity is of great importance in extending the knowledge of the pathogenesis and development of sepsis-induced immunosuppression, as well as in exploring its effective remedies.
Journal Article
Mechanistic insights and future perspectives of drought stress management in staple crops
Due to extended periods of below-normal rainfall and rising temperatures, drought is a significant global issue for agricultural productivity. Hydrological, agricultural, and meteorological droughts all pose different problems with regard to the availability of water for important crops, which in turn impacts plant development and yield. Depending on the crop species and stage of maturity, drought stress degrades plant metabolism and physiological processes, resulting in decreased growth and yield losses that can range from 30% to 90%. Acclimatization and adaptation are the two basic techniques that plants use to survive drought. Rapid alterations in physiological processes and chemical composition, including modifications to osmotic pressure, root and leaf size, and antioxidant systems, are all part of acclimatization. Xerophytism and succulence are two characteristics that drought-resistant plants have evolved to assist preserve cellular integrity and water balance in water-limited environments. Even with these tactics, the majority of important crops—such as maize, rice, and wheat—remain extremely vulnerable to drought stress. To lessen the effects of drought, researchers have looked into a number of strategies, including both conventional and cutting-edge methods. Conventional techniques, like the application of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and morphological modifications, remain essential for improving drought resilience. Recent breakthroughs have provided innovative alternatives such as nanoparticle (NP) treatments and biochar, which enhance plant resilience. Biochar enhances soil moisture retention and nutrient accessibility, whereas nanoparticles augment water absorption and bolster molecular resilience under stress. Furthermore, microbial inoculants such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) enhance nutrient and water absorption, facilitating growth in arid conditions. This review examines the impacts of drought stress on three important staple crops, emphasizing both traditional and novel approaches to lessen the consequences of drought. We highlight how combining insights from ecology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and cutting-edge technologies like biochar and nanoparticles can boost agricultural production and plant resistance in water-scarce environments.
Journal Article
Electrons dynamics control by shaping femtosecond laser pulses in micro/nanofabrication: modeling, method, measurement and application
During femtosecond laser fabrication, photons are mainly absorbed by electrons, and the subsequent energy transfer from electrons to ions is of picosecond order. Hence, lattice motion is negligible within the femtosecond pulse duration, whereas femtosecond photon-electron interactions dominate the entire fabrication process. Therefore, femtosecond laser fabrication must be improved by controlling localized transient electron dynamics, which poses a challenge for measuring and controlling at the electron level during fabrication processes. Pump-probe spectroscopy presents a viable solution, which can be used to observe electron dynamics during a chemical reaction. In fact, femtosecond pulse durations are shorter than many physical/chemical characteristic times, which permits manipulating, adjusting, or interfering with electron dynamics. Hence, we proposed to control localized transient electron dynamics by temporally or spatially shaping femtosecond pulses, and further to modify localized transient materials properties, and then to adjust material phase change, and eventually to implement a novel fabrication method. This review covers our progresses over the past decade regarding electrons dynamics control (EDC) by shaping femtosecond laser pulses in micro/nanomanufacturing: (1) Theoretical models were developed to prove EDC feasibility and reveal its mechanisms; (2) on the basis of the theoretical predictions, many experiments are conducted to validate our EDC-based femtosecond laser fabrication method. Seven examples are reported, which proves that the proposed method can significantly improve fabrication precision, quality, throughput and repeatability and effectively control micro/nanoscale structures; (3) a multiscale measurement system was proposed and developed to study the fundamentals of EDC from the femtosecond scale to the nanosecond scale and to the millisecond scale; and (4) As an example of practical applications, our method was employed to fabricate some key structures in one of the 16 Chinese National S&T Major Projects, for which electron dynamics were measured using our multiscale measurement system.
Journal Article
Evaluating the Performance of Hyperspectral Leaf Reflectance to Detect Water Stress and Estimation of Photosynthetic Capacities
Advanced techniques capable of early, rapid, and nondestructive detection of the impacts of drought on fruit tree and the measurement of the underlying photosynthetic traits on a large scale are necessary to meet the challenges of precision farming and full prediction of yield increases. We tested the application of hyperspectral reflectance as a high-throughput phenotyping approach for early identification of water stress and rapid assessment of leaf photosynthetic traits in citrus trees by conducting a greenhouse experiment. To this end, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond) and transpiration rate (Trmmol) were measured with gas-exchange approaches alongside measurements of leaf hyperspectral reflectance from citrus grown across a gradient of soil drought levels six times, during 20 days of stress induction and 13 days of rewatering. Water stress caused Pn, Cond, and Trmmol rapid and continuous decline throughout the entire drought period. The upper layer was more sensitive to drought than middle and lower layers. Water stress could also bring continuous and dynamic changes of the mean spectral reflectance and absorptance over time. After trees were rewatered, these differences were not obvious. The original reflectance spectra of the four water stresses were surprisingly of low diversity and could not track drought responses, whereas specific hyperspectral spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) and absorption features or wavelength position variables presented great potential. The following machine-learning algorithms: random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), gradient boost (GDboost), and adaptive boosting (Adaboost) were used to develop a measure of photosynthesis from leaf reflectance spectra. The performance of four machine-learning algorithms were assessed, and RF algorithm yielded the highest predictive power for predicting photosynthetic parameters (R2 was 0.92, 0.89, and 0.88 for Pn, Cond, and Trmmol, respectively). Our results indicated that leaf hyperspectral reflectance is a reliable and stable method for monitoring water stress and yield increase, with great potential to be applied in large-scale orchards.
Journal Article
Both Boceprevir and GC376 efficaciously inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic on March 11 by WHO, due to its great threat to global public health. The coronavirus main protease (M
pro
, also called 3CLpro) is essential for processing and maturation of the viral polyprotein, therefore recognized as an attractive drug target. Here we show that a clinically approved anti-HCV drug, Boceprevir, and a pre-clinical inhibitor against feline infectious peritonitis (corona) virus (FIPV), GC376, both efficaciously inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells by targeting M
pro
. Moreover, combined application of GC376 with Remdesivir, a nucleotide analogue that inhibits viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), results in sterilizing additive effect. Further structural analysis reveals binding of both inhibitors to the catalytically active side of SARS-CoV-2 protease M
pro
as main mechanism of inhibition. Our findings may provide critical information for the optimization and design of more potent inhibitors against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Coronavirus main protease is essential for viral polyprotein processing and maturation. Here Fu et al. report efficient inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication using two inhibitors - Boceprevir and GC376 - targeting the active site of the main viral protease.
Journal Article
Does Downscaling Improve the Performance of Urban Ozone Modeling?
Increasing the model resolution is expected to be one way for improving air quality forecasts in urban areas. In this study, we evaluate the model performance in a large city at various resolutions to examine the best resolution for air pollution simulations. The comparison with measurements at a station near the traffic emissions shows the advantage of using high resolutions for capturing the extreme values. The statistical evaluation indicates that the highest model resolution (33 m) provides the best results for NOX concentration distributions near the traffic roads, while the improvement for roadside O3 with decreasing grid spacing stops at a certain point. The best model performance for the areas with a distance to the pollution sources is with the resolution of 100–300 m, at which the transport errors are equivalent to the emission biases. Plain Language Summary As the increasing needs in the air quality forecasting in large cities, there is a trend in decreasing the model grid spacing to obtain more detailed pollutants distributions between neighborhoods or at street levels. To determine at which resolution the model can obtain the best representation of the pollutants' concentrations, we evaluate the model performance at different resolutions taking Hong Kong as an illustration. The analysis shows that the improvement with increasing model resolution is not monotonic for the areas far away from the intense emissions; however, the model with the highest resolution (33 m) reproduces the best results for the short‐lived species near the pollution sources. Key Points Increasing horizontal resolution to 33 m improves the prediction of NOX near the traffic emissions The threshold of the model resolution is around 300 m for areas with a distance to the pollution sources The changes of model performances with varied resolutions are different for NOX and O3
Journal Article
The Receptor-Like Kinase SIT1 Mediates Salt Sensitivity by Activating MAPK3/6 and Regulating Ethylene Homeostasis in Rice
High salinity causes growth inhibition and shoot bleaching in plants that do not tolerate high salt (glycophytes), including most crops. The molecules affected directly by salt and linking the extracellular stimulus to intracellular responses remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rice (Oryza sativa) Salt Intolerance 1 [SITI), a lectin receptor-like kinase expressed mainly in root epidermal cells, mediates salt sensitivity. NaCI rapidly activates SIT1, and in the presence of salt, as SIT1 kinase activity increased, plant survival decreased. Rice MPK3 and MPK6 function as the downstream effectors of SITI. SIT1 phosphorylates MPK3 and 6, and their activation by salt requires SITI. SIT1 mediates ethylene production and salt-induced ethylene signaling. SIT1 promotes accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to growth inhibition and plant death under salt stress, which occurred in an MPK3/6-and ethylene signaling-dependent manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our findings demonstrate the existence of a SIT1-MPK3/6 cascade that mediates salt sensitivity by affecting ROS and ethylene homeostasis and signaling. These results provide important information for engineering salt-tolerant crops.
Journal Article
Strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels: A review
This review summarizes the strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. High-angle grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries, nano-sized M
23
C
6
, and MX carbide precipitates effectively hinder dislocation motion and increase high-temperature strength. M
23
C
6
carbides are easily coarsened under high temperatures, thereby weakening their ability to block dislocations. Creep properties are improved through the reduction of M
23
C
6
carbides. Thus, the loss of strength must be compensated by other strengthening mechanisms. This review also outlines the recent progress in the development of RAFM steels. Oxide dispersion-strengthened steels prevent M
23
C
6
precipitation by reducing C content to increase creep life and introduce a high density of nano-sized oxide precipitates to offset the reduced strength. Severe plastic deformation methods can substantially refine subgrains and MX carbides in the steel. The thermal deformation strengthening of RAFM steels mainly relies on thermo-mechanical treatment to increase the MX carbide and subgrain boundaries. This procedure increases the creep life of TMT(thermo-mechanical treatment) 9Cr-1W-0.06Ta steel by ∼20 times compared with those of F82H and Eurofer 97 steels under 550°C/260 MPa.
Journal Article