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Background Comparison of clinical findings, chest radiographs (CXR), lung ultrasound (LUS) findings, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations at admission and serial follow‐up in dogs with aspiration pneumonia (AP) is lacking. Hypothesis Lung ultrasound lesions in dogs with AP are similar to those described in humans with community‐acquired pneumonia (comAP); the severity of CXR and LUS lesions are similar; normalization of CRP concentration precedes resolution of imaging abnormalities and more closely reflects the clinical improvement of dogs. Animals Seventeen dogs with AP. Methods Prospective observational study. Clinical examination, CXR, LUS, and CRP measurements performed at admission (n = 17), 2 weeks (n = 13), and 1 month after diagnosis (n = 6). All dogs received antimicrobial therapy. Lung ultrasound and CXR canine aspiration scoring systems used to compare abnormalities. Results B‐lines and shred signs with or without bronchograms were identified on LUS in 14 of 17 and 16 of 17, at admission. Chest radiographs and LUS scores differed significantly using both canine AP scoring systems at each time point (18 regions per dog, P < .001). Clinical and CRP normalization occurred in all dogs during follow up. Shred signs disappeared on LUS in all but 1 of 6 dogs at 1 month follow‐up, while B‐lines and CXR abnormalities persisted in 4 of 6 and all dogs, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Lung ultrasound findings resemble those of humans with comAP and differ from CXR findings. Shred signs and high CRP concentrations better reflect clinical findings during serial evaluation of dogs.

Background Evidence regarding optimal treatment duration in dogs with aspiration pneumonia (AP) and the role of thoracic radiographs (TXR) and lung ultrasonography (LUS) in the long‐term follow‐up of affected dogs is lacking. C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a reliable acute phase protein to monitor bacterial pneumonia in dogs. Hypothesis Investigate the safety of antimicrobial discontinuation based on clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization, as well as the usefulness of TXR and LUS for follow‐up. Animals Dogs diagnosed with AP and treated with antimicrobials. Methods Prospective observational study. Antimicrobials were discontinued based on clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization after 1, 3, or 5 weeks. At each consultation, a quality‐of‐life questionnaire, physical examination, serum CRP, TXR, and LUS were assessed. Short‐ (2 weeks) and long‐term (>1 month) follow‐ups after treatment discontinuation were performed to monitor for possible relapses. Results Seventeen dogs were included. Antimicrobials were discontinued after 1 week in 12 dogs (70.6%) and 3 weeks in the remaining 5 dogs (29.4%). Short‐term relapse was not observed in any dog and long‐term relapse was diagnosed in 3 dogs. Thoracic radiographs and LUS were useful for diagnosis, but did not add additional information during follow‐up, because image normalization lagged behind clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Dogs with AP can be safely and effectively treated using a short‐term antimicrobial regimen discontinued after clinical improvement and serum CRP normalization. Imaging might still be useful for complicated cases with a less favorable response to treatment.

Background The relationships among gastric lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (GLFH), Helicobacter‐like organisms (HLOs), and clinical signs have not been established in dogs. Objectives To evaluate the epidemiologic, clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic findings associated with GLFH in dogs, and determine the association of GLFH with HLOs and the French Bulldog (FB) breed. Animals Two hundred eighty‐eight dogs that underwent gastroscopy between 2013 and 2016. Methods Retrospective, cross‐sectional study. Gastric biopsy samples were reviewed and scored for inflammation and HLOs. Dogs were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (63 FBs), group 2 (45 non‐FB brachycephalic dogs), and group 3 (180 nonbrachycephalic dogs). Variables were evaluated for their association with GLFH. Results Univariate analysis determined that intact males, young age, vomiting, gastroscopic findings (discoloration, hemorrhage, and ulcers), and histopathologic findings (gastric lamina propria lymphocytic infiltration and HLO score) were associated with GLFH (P ≤ .03). In the multivariate analysis, GLFH was associated with the HLO score (odds ratio [OR] > 5 for HLO scores 1‐2 and >15 for HLO score of 3; P < .001), with vomiting (OR > 4; P = .01) but not with FB breed (P = .76) and age (P = .1). The HLO score was associated with younger age (P < .001). Conclusion and Clinical Importance The HLO score was associated with a high GLFH score. Vomiting was associated with GLFH. Helicobacter‐like organisms are highly prevalent in young dogs and GLFH is indirectly associated with this factor. Clinical relevance of the identification of GLFH and HLO remains to be determined.

Background C‐reactive protein (CRP) is a well‐known acute‐phase protein in dogs that may discriminate bacterial bronchopneumonia from other pulmonary conditions. Bronchopneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is common but the associated increase in CRP concentration in naturally infected dogs has not been fully explored. Objective To compare CRP concentrations of dogs with Bb infection, with or without radiographic pulmonary lesions, to dogs with aspiration bronchopneumonia (ABP). Animals Sixteen dogs with Bb infection and 36 dogs with ABP. Methods Retrospective study. C‐reactive protein concentrations and thoracic radiographs were available for each dog. Results Eleven dogs with Bb infection had alveolar lesions. In all dogs, CRP concentration was mildly increased (14‐38 mg/L). In the 5 dogs without alveolar lesions, CRP concentration was within the reference range in all but 1 dog, in which it was slightly increased. Median CRP concentration was significantly higher in dogs with alveolar lesions (20 mg/L) compared with dogs without alveolar lesions (5 mg/L; p < .002). In dogs with Bb infection, median duration of clinical signs was not different between dogs with normal CRP concentration and dogs with increased concentration. In dogs with Bb infection either with or without alveolar lessions, median CRP concentration was significantly lower (20 mg/L) than in dogs with ABP (118 mg/L; p < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance In contrast to dogs with APB, CRP was not a good marker for the diagnosis of dogs suspected to have bordetellosis. Confirmation of Bb infection still requires lower airway sampling.

Sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) is a common cause of chronic nasal disease with a still poorly understood pathophysiology and which remains a challenge to treat. There is increasing evidence that vitamin D plays a role in both innate and adaptative immunity. A preliminary retrospective study showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was significantly lower in dogs affected with SNA compared to healthy dogs. Objectives of this prospective study were 1) to compare serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D concentrations in dogs with SNA to healthy control dogs and dogs with lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (LPR) or nasal neoplasia; and 2) to determine if serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D concentrations in dogs with SNA change from the time of diagnosis to when a cure is achieved. Twenty dogs with a novel diagnosis of SNA, 12 healthy control dogs, 9 dogs with LPR, 10 dogs with nasal neoplasia were included. Nine dogs with SNA were available for follow up until cure. Serum vitamin D concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and compared: 1) among the different groups using a One-way ANOVA and 2) from diagnosis to cure with a paired t-test (significant p-value <0,05 for both tests). The vitamin D metabolite ratio (VMR) was calculated by dividing the 25(OH)D by the 24,25(OH)2D concentration. Serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D were lower in dogs with SNA at the time of diagnosis (mean ± standard deviation = 23.5 ± 7,1 ng/ml – 10,5 ± 4,2 ng/ml, respectively) than in healthy dogs (34,1 ± 7,5 ng/ml; p=0,017 - 18,2 ± 5.4 ng/ml; p = 0,005) while there was no difference between healthy and dogs with tumor (27,8 ± 10,9 ng/ml – 15,4 ± 6,5 ng/ml) or LPR (27,4 ± 13,7 ng/ml – 14,3 ± 8,7 ng/ml). There was no significant difference in serum 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D between dogs with SNA at the time of diagnosis and dogs achieving cure. The VMR was higher in SNA dogs (2,4 ± 0,7) than in control dogs (1,9 ± 0,3; p=0,031 t-test), indicating a decreased catabolic clearance of vitamin D in SNA dogs. These results further support the rationale that vitamin D could play a role in dogs with SNA as it does in human with aspergillosis. Whether hypovitaminosis D could contribute to the development of SNA or if oral supplementation could be a beneficial adjunctive therapy in affected dogs is unknown and warrants future investigations.

A urolitíase é uma doença relativamente comum em animais de companhia, tendo-se verificado nas últimas três décadas um aumento significativo do número de urólitos de oxalato de cálcio no trato urinário superior, sobretudo em gatos. Os ureterólitos podem provocar obstruções ureterais, sendo necessária a sua remoção cirúrgica. Dado o aumento da incidência de obstruções ureterais e as elevadas taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade associadas às técnicas cirúrgicas tradicionais, foram desenvolvidas novas abordagens cirúrgicas minimamente invasivas como a litotrícia extracorporal por ondas de choque, a nefroureterolitotomia percutânea e a colocação de dispositivos a nível ureteral, como um stent ou um subcutaneous ureteral bypass.Estas novas abordagens terapêuticas permitem desobstruir o ureter de forma rápida e segura para o animal, sendo a mais recente e promissora de todas o subcutaneous ureteral bypass.Esta revisão bibliográfica tem por objetivo, numa primeira parte, fazer uma breve descrição de todos os aspetos relacionados com as obstruções ureterais, desde aspetos epidemiológicos a possíveis tratamentos. Numa segunda parte serão descritos alguns dos casos clínicos seguidos no CHV Frégis, em França, durante 4 meses de estágio. Em todos estes animais foi aplicado um subcutaneous ureteral bypass para a resolução da obstrução ureteral, sendo que o dispositivo associa um cateter de cistostomia e um cateter de nefrostomia do tipo locking loop, a uma válvula subcutânea, para chegar a este fim. O principal objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é fazer uma descrição detalhada da cirurgia e apontar as vantagens e desvantagens, possíveis riscos e complicações desta abordagem cirúrgica, quando comparada com as demais.

Stingless bees are a diverse group with a relevant role in pollinating native species. Its diet is rich in carbohydrates and proteins, by collecting pollen and nectar supplies the development of its offspring. Fermentation of these products is associated with microorganisms in the colony. However, the composition of microorganisms that comprise this microbiome and its fundamental role in colony development is still unclear. To characterize the colonizing microorganisms of larval food in the brood cells of stingless bees Frieseomelitta varia , Melipona quadrifasciata , Melipona scutellaris , and Tetragonisca angustula , we have utilized molecular and culture-based techniques. Bacteria of the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and fungi of the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Mortierellomycota were found. Diversity analysis showed that F. varia had a greater diversity of bacteria in its microbiota, and T. angustula had a greater diversity of fungi. The isolation technique allowed the identification of 189 bacteria and 75 fungi. In summary, this research showed bacteria and fungi associated with the species F. varia , M. quadrifasciata , M. scutellaris , and T. angustula , which may play an essential role in the survival of these organisms. Besides that, a biobank with bacteria and fungus isolates from LF of Brazilian stingless bees was created, which can be used for different studies and the prospection of biotechnology compounds.

Uterine Carcinosarcomas (UCS) are a rare type of cancer composed of an admixture of high-grade carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. Clinicopathological prognostic factors in UCS are well established, but studies that approach the impact of biomarkers in this unusual disease are scarce. The study objective was to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic impact of a panel of prominent biomarkers in uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) using an immunohistochemical characterization with four biomarkers. The internal database of a single Brazilian institution was carefully explored to select women diagnosed with UCS who were submitted to surgery and postoperative chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel between January 2012 and December 2017. Tissue microarrays containing UCS samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for L1CAM, CDX2, p53 and microsatellite instability markers. A total of 57 cases were included. The mean age was 65.3 years (standard deviation, SD 7.0). L1CAM was negative (score 0, no staining) in 27 (47.4%) patients. Of L1CAM-positive, 10 (17.5%) showed weak (score 1, <10%), 6 (10.5%) showed moderate (score 2, between 10-50%), and 14 (24.6%) showed strong L1CAM staining (score 3, ≧50%). dMMR occurred in 3 (5.3%) cases. The p53 was aberrantly expressed in 15 (26.3%) tumors. CDX2 was positive in 3 (5.3%) patients. The three-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate in the general population of the study was 21.2% (95% CI: 11.7-38.1) and the three-year overall survival (OS) rate was 29.4% (95% CI: 18.1-47.6). By multivariate analysis, the presence of metastases and CDX2-positive were significantly associated with poorer PFS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively) and OS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively). The strong influence of CDX2 on prognosis requires further investigation. Biological or molecular variability may have impaired the assessment of the impact of the other markers on survival.