Explore the vast range of titles available.

Rock type irrelevant for earthquake lubrication A review of about 300 published and unpublished rock friction experiments that reproduce seismic slip conditions suggests that a significant decrease in friction occurs at high slip rate. Extrapolating the experimental data to conditions that are typical of earthquake nucleation depths, the authors conclude that faults are lubricated during earthquakes, irrespective of the fault rock composition or specific weakening mechanism involved. This study reviews a large set of fault friction experiments and finds that a significant decrease in friction occurs at high slip rate. Extrapolating the experimental data to conditions typical of earthquake nucleation depths, it is concluded that faults are lubricated during earthquakes, irrespective of the fault rock composition or specific weakening mechanism involved. The determination of rock friction at seismic slip rates (about 1 m s −1 ) is of paramount importance in earthquake mechanics, as fault friction controls the stress drop, the mechanical work and the frictional heat generated during slip 1 . Given the difficulty in determining friction by seismological methods 1 , elucidating constraints are derived from experimental studies 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . Here we review a large set of published and unpublished experiments (∼300) performed in rotary shear apparatus at slip rates of 0.1–2.6 m s −1 . The experiments indicate a significant decrease in friction (of up to one order of magnitude), which we term fault lubrication, both for cohesive (silicate-built 4 , 5 , 6 , quartz-built 3 and carbonate-built 7 , 8 ) rocks and non-cohesive rocks (clay-rich 9 , anhydrite, gypsum and dolomite 10 gouges) typical of crustal seismogenic sources. The available mechanical work and the associated temperature rise in the slipping zone trigger 11 , 12 a number of physicochemical processes (gelification, decarbonation and dehydration reactions, melting and so on) whose products are responsible for fault lubrication. The similarity between (1) experimental and natural fault products and (2) mechanical work measures resulting from these laboratory experiments and seismological estimates 13 , 14 suggests that it is reasonable to extrapolate experimental data to conditions typical of earthquake nucleation depths (7–15 km). It seems that faults are lubricated during earthquakes, irrespective of the fault rock composition and of the specific weakening mechanism involved.

Nuclear DNA damage and ligation of plasma-membrane death receptors have long been recognized as initial triggers of apoptosis that induce mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) and/or the direct activation of caspases. Accumulating evidence suggests that other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus, are also major points of integration of pro-apoptotic signalling or damage sensing. Each organelle possesses sensors that detect specific alterations, locally activates signal transduction pathways and emits signals that ensure inter-organellar cross-talk. The ER senses local stress through chaperones, Ca 2+ -binding proteins and Ca 2+ release channels, which might transmit ER Ca 2+ responses to mitochondria. The ER also contains several Bcl-2-binding proteins, and Bcl-2 has been reported to exert part of its cytoprotective effect within the ER. Upon membrane destabilization, lysosomes release cathepsins that are endowed with the capacity of triggering MMP. The Golgi apparatus constitutes a privileged site for the generation of the pro-apoptotic mediator ganglioside GD3, facilitates local caspase-2 activation and might serve as a storage organelle for latent death receptors. Intriguingly, most organelle-specific death responses finally lead to either MMP or caspase activation, both of which might function as central integrators of the death pathway, thereby streamlining lysosome-, Golgi- or ER-elicited responses into a common pathway.

The phenomenological approach to schizophrenia emphasizes the role of bodily experiences in the onset and manifestation of positive, negative and disorganized psychotic symptoms. According to the dimensional approach to psychosis, there exists a continuum ranging from individuals with low levels of schizotypy to diagnosed schizophrenia patients, with schizotypy encompassing positive-like, negative-like, and disorganized-like symptoms of schizophrenia. Empirical evidence suggests that along this continuum, both exteroceptive (external sensory) and interoceptive (internal bodily) dimensions might be distorted. Understanding the contribution of these bodily dimensions in the manifestation of psychotic symptoms, even in schizotypy, might help target early interventions for individuals at risk of developing psychotic disorders. This study investigated the potential contribution of exteroceptive and interoceptive bodily dimensions to schizotypal personality traits, such as cognitive-perceptual traits (positive-like symptoms), interpersonal traits (negative-like symptoms), and disorganization traits (disorganized-like symptoms). Partial Least Squares Regression was used to integrate several bodily dimensions to understand their impact on schizotypy, revealing specific and non-specific contributions of exteroceptive and interoceptive dimensions to different traits. In particular, exteroceptive bodily dimensions generally predicted all schizotypal traits, with specific associations to positive-like symptoms, while interoceptive dimensions mostly predicted interpersonal-like and disorganized-like symptoms. These results suggest a difference in how exteroceptive and interoceptive bodily dimensions contribute to the three schizotypal traits. This highlights specific aspects of interoceptive and exteroceptive body representations that could serve as targets for early intervention. Particularly, interoception emerges as a potential prodromal marker, suggesting that early intervention in this area could be crucial.

For the Ice Giants, atmospheric entry probes provide critical measurements not attainable via remote observations. Including the 2013–2022 NASA Planetary Decadal Survey, there have been at least five comprehensive atmospheric probe engineering design studies performed in recent years by NASA and ESA. International science definition teams have assessed the science requirements, and each recommended similar measurements and payloads to meet science goals with current instrument technology. The probe system concept has matured and converged on general design parameters that indicate the probe would include a 1-meter class aeroshell and have a mass around 350 to 400-kg. Probe battery sizes vary, depending on the duration of a post-release coast phase, and assumptions about heaters and instrument power needs. The various mission concepts demonstrate the need for advanced power and thermal protection system development. The many completed studies show an Ice Giant mission with an in situ probe is feasible and would be welcomed by the international science community.

We report the measurement of the two-neutrino double-beta ($2\\nu\\beta\\beta$) decay of $^{100}$Mo to the ground state of $^{100}$Ru using lithium molybdate (\\crystal) scintillating bolometers. The detectors were developed for the CUPID-Mo program and operated at the EDELWEISS-III low background facility in the Modane underground laboratory. From a total exposure of $42.235$ kg$\\times$d, the half-life of $^{100}$Mo is determined to be $T_{1/2}^{2\\nu}=[7.12^{+0.18}_{-0.14}\\,\\mathrm{(stat.)}\\pm0.10\\,\\mathrm{(syst.)}]\\times10^{18}$ years. This is the most accurate determination of the $2\\nu\\beta\\beta$ half-life of $^{100}$Mo to date. We also confirm, with the statistical significance of $>3\\sigma$, that the single-state dominance model of the $2\\nu\\beta\\beta$ decay of $^{100}$Mo is favored over the high-state dominance model.

It is crucial to control the tuning and improve the emission of a quantum emitter at the nanoscale. We report multiple Fano resonances in metallic nanostructures on an Er 3+ -doped tellurite glass. Periodic nanoslits were fabricated with a focused gallium ion beam on a gold thin film deposited on the tellurite glass. Is proposed a coupling function with Fano line-shape form, and the asymmetric parameter q for each resonance wavelength in the 515 to 535 nm region was calculated. This asymmetric resonance effect is a consequence of the quantum interaction between the continuum state, generated in the nanostructure, and the Stark splits of the 2 H 11 / 2 state.

IntroductionA primary disruption of the bodily self is considered a core feature of schizophrenia patients (SCZ). The “disembodied” self would be underpinned by an inefficient body-related multisensory integration mechanism occurring in the Peripersonal Space (PPS). PPS is a plastic sector of space surrounding our body, whose extent is altered in SCZ. Although PPS represents a malleable interface marking the perceptual border between self and others, no study has investigated the potential alteration of its plasticity in SCZ.ObjectivesWe investigated the PPS extension and its plasticity in SCZ and their potential correlations with the clinical scales.MethodsThirty SCZ and thirty healthy controls (HC) underwent a multisensory task to estimate PPS boundary before and after a motor training. Patients were also administered the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE).ResultsData confirm a narrower PPS extent in SCZ than in HC, whereas no differences in PPS expansion was found in the two groups after the motor training (Figure 1). Positive symptoms were associated directly with PPS extent and inversely with PPS plasticity. No associations were found between PPS and EASE domains. Figure1: Graphical representation of PPS expansion in SCZ and HC. Both panels show individual normalized sigmoid fitsConclusionsThe present study suggests a narrower PPS extent and a preserved PPS plasticity in SCZ with respect to HC. Both PPS extent and plasticity are related to the severity of positive symptoms. These results highlight the potential role of rehabilitation interventions in order to improve patients’ weakened body boundary.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The CUPID-Mo experiment to search for 0νββ decay in 100Mo has been recently completed after about 1.5 years of operation at Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (France). It served as a demonstrator for CUPID, a next generation 0νββ decay experiment. CUPID-Mo was comprised of 20 enriched Li2100MoO4 scintillating calorimeters, each with a mass of ∼0.2 kg, operated at ∼20 mK. We present here the final analysis with the full exposure of CUPID-Mo (100Mo exposure of 1.47 kg×year) used to search for lepton number violation via 0νββ decay. We report on various analysis improvements since the previous result on a subset of data, reprocessing all data with these new techniques. We observe zero events in the region of interest and set a new limit on the 100Mo 0νββ decay half-life of T1/20ν>1.8×1024 year (stat. + syst.) at 90% CI. Under the light Majorana neutrino exchange mechanism this corresponds to an effective Majorana neutrino mass of mββ <(0.28-0.49) eV, dependent upon the nuclear matrix element utilized.

Descent probes afford the opportunity to make essential atmospheric measurements that are beyond the reach of remote sensing, including the atmospheric abundances of noble gases and key isotopes, and the structure of the atmosphere beneath the cloud tops. Measurements are defined as Tier 1, representing threshold science required to justify the probe mission, and Tier 2 representing valuable science that significantly complement and enhance the threshold measurements, but of themselves are not sufficient to justify the mission. Tier 1 measurements comprise atmospheric noble gas abundances including helium, key noble gas isotope ratios, and the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Instrumentation required to achieve the Tier 1 measurements include a mass spectrometer, a helium abundance detector, and an atmospheric structure instrument comprising both sensors for pressure, temperature, and atmospheric acoustic properties (speed of sound). Tier 1 science can be achieved with a probe making measurements near one to several bars. Tier 2 science includes measurements of key isotopic ratios, the abundances of atmospheric condensables and disequilibrium species, atmospheric dynamics, the net radiative flux transfer profile of the atmosphere, and the location, composition, properties, and structure of the clouds. To achieve all the Tier 2 science objectives requires a probe descending through at least ten bars carrying the full Tier 1 suite of instruments as well as a nephelometer, net flux radiometer, and an ultrastable oscillator to enable Doppler wind tracking of the probe throughout descent.

A novel and integrated geophysical approach has been applied at Cascina and Palarzano plains (Abruzzi region, Central Apennines, Italy) to investigate their subsurface structure with particular attention to the faults bounding the basins. Both plains are characterized by the highest magnetic anomaly intensity measured over the Abruzzi region (up to 10 nT). A 3D reconstruction of these small intermontane basins was performed through a magnetic inversion of a high‐resolution aeromagnetic survey. The model results and the choice of appropriate parameters used for the magnetic inversion calculations were verified and constrained by other geophysical investigations performed in the plain (e.g., gravimetry, electrical resistivity tomography, seismic waves, and ambient noise measurements). Through this approach, a 3D model of Cascina and Palarzano plains was implemented for the first time. The model reveals, for both plains, a thickness of Quaternary filling of ca. 100 m and a clear half‐graben geometry which characterized the Cascina plain.