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Traditional Balinese games are considered a cultural heritage that provides many basic movement benefits but have not been well revealed, this study aims to describe the effectiveness Motor Learning Model Based on Local Wisdom (MLMBLW) in Improving Fundamental Skills of students in early childhood education programs in Buleleng Regency in Bali Provinces.The data analysis technique used descriptive quantitative. The sample in this study was the students in early childhood education Laboratory of Undiksha shool and early childhood education Telkom School (n = 44) age 5 year taken by purposive sampling technique with active children for traditional Balinese games. Data were collected by direct observation, questionnaires, and tests. Based on the results of data analysis, the effectiveness of the MLMBLW which can be seen from the activities of students participating in learning 81.3% belongs to the very high/very active category, student learning achievement as seen from the average fundamental motor skills above 70% have moderate to high basic movement skills, and the teacher's response to the implementation is overall positive. This research is evidence that MLMBLW is effectively applied in the implementation of motor learning in early childhood students From the results of this study, there are several things that are recommended: (1) early childhood education teachers must understand the character of students and the local wisdom used, so that the learning steps (syntax) can be implemented properly, (2) the learning model can be implemented properly, if the teacher understands how to play traditional games (local wisdom) well. Introducing culture to every child is the same as preserving the world's cultural wealth, for that reason traditional Balinese games are also important in addition to improving fitness Keywords Basic Movement Activities, Balinese Culture, Traditional Games

Study Purpose. This study aims to analyze the effect of physical exercise on increasing glutathione peroxidase as a biomarker for endogenous antioxidants. Materials and methods. This type of systematic review research uses searches from journal databases such as MEDLINE-Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct. The inclusion criteria in this study were articles published in the last 5 years and articles discussing glutathione peroxidase, physical exercise and antioxidants. A total of 95 articles from the Science Direct, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases were identified. A total of 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed for this systematic review. For standard operations, this study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) assessment. Results. This systematic review reports that physical exercise has been shown to increase levels of glutathione peroxidase as a marker of endogenous antioxidants. Conclusions. Physical exercise has been proven to increase glutathione peroxidase levels as a marker of endogenous antioxidants. This increase is triggered by ROS which is a physiological response to exercise.

The problem in this study is the low ability of Long Passing soccer school players Buah Hati. This study aims to see the effect of leg muscle strength, waist flexibility and self-confidence on long passing ability, both directly and indirectly and simultaneously. This type of research is quantitative with a path analysis approach. the sample in this study were all 30 players of Buah Hati Football School. Sample withdrawal using saturated sampling technique. The leg muscle power instrument uses the Vetical Jump Test, waist flexibility using the Sit and reach test, confidence using a Likert scale model questionnaire and long passing ability with the Aerial Pass for Accuaracy test. The results showed that, (1) there is a direct effect of leg muscle power on long passing ability with ρz1 = 0.337 or 11.35%, (2) there is a direct effect of waist flexibility on long passing ability, with ρz2 = 0.458 or 20.97%, (3) there is a direct effect of self-confidence on long passing ability, with ρz3 = 0.225 or 5.06%, (4) there is an indirect effect of leg muscle power on Long Passing ability through self-confidence, with ρz31 = 0.1131 or 11.31%, (5) there is an indirect effect of waist flexibility on Long Passing ability through self-confidence, with ρz32 = 0.0893 or 8.93% and (6) there is an effect of leg muscle power, waist flexibility and self-confidence simultaneously on three point shooting ability, with ρz123 = 0.942 or 94.2%.

The problem in this study is the low ability of Long Passing soccer school players Buah Hati. This study aims to see the effect of leg muscle strength, waist flexibility and self-confidence on long passing ability, both directly and indirectly and simultaneously. This type of research is quantitative with a path analysis approach. the sample in this study were all 30 players of Buah Hati Football School. Sample withdrawal using saturated sampling technique. The leg muscle power instrument uses the Vetical Jump Test, waist flexibility using the Sit and reach test, confidence using a Likert scale model questionnaire and long passing ability with the Aerial Pass for Accuaracy test. The results showed that, (1) there is a direct effect of leg muscle power on long passing ability with ρz1 = 0.337 or 11.35%, (2) there is a direct effect of waist flexibility on long passing ability, with ρz2 = 0.458 or 20.97%, (3) there is a direct effect of self-confidence on long passing ability, with ρz3 = 0.225 or 5.06%, (4) there is an indirect effect of leg muscle power on Long Passing ability through self-confidence, with ρz31 = 0.1131 or 11.31%, (5) there is an indirect effect of waist flexibility on Long Passing ability through self-confidence, with ρz32 = 0.0893 or 8.93% and (6) there is an effect of leg muscle power, waist flexibility and self-confidence simultaneously on three point shooting ability, with ρz123 = 0.942 or 94.2%.

This research focuses on enhancing elementary school students' fundamental throwing and catching skills through an engaging and effective learning model grounded in the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) approach. Traditional physical education methods often fail to engage students, particularly those with underdeveloped motor skills, resulting in lower participation in physical activities. This study aimed to design and validate a TGFU-based learning model specifically for fifth graders, following Borg and Gall's development process, which includes iterative testing and refinement stages. Instruments used to measure throwing and catching skills included performance assessments and observational checklists. The study involved three stages: initial testing with 20 students, main product testing with 100 students, and effectiveness testing with 36 students. Content validation reached 91%, and media expert validation was 85%, with practicality and student engagement questionnaires scoring 92.5% and 95%, respectively, in small-scale trials, and media interest reaching 96% in large-scale trials. Data normality and homogeneity were confirmed through normality (p > 0.05) and homogeneity tests (p > 0.05), indicating that the data were normally distributed and homogeneous. The paired t-test results (sig. 0.000) demonstrated a significant improvement in students' throwing and catching skills, confirming the effectiveness of the developed learning model. These findings validate the TGFU-based approach as a superior method for engaging students and enhancing their motor skills in physical education. Keywords: Physical Activity, The Teaching Games for Understanding, Learning Model, Basic Movements, Throwing, Catching.

Sports psychology plays a vital role in improving the performance of badminton athletes. Psychological factors such as motivation, competitive anxiety, concentration, and mental resilience have been identified as critical influences on athlete performance. This study aims to systematically review the existing literature to identify and analyze the role of sports psychology in improving badminton athlete performance. The researcher searched for journal articles, books, and research reports relevant to sports psychology and badminton from various electronic databases through a systematic literature review approach. Specific inclusion criteria were applied to select studies that explicitly addressed the effect of psychological interventions on the performance of badminton athletes. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively to synthesize findings from the literature chosen. The literature review revealed that psychological techniques, including goal setting, relaxation techniques, visualization, and mental toughness coaching, positively impact the performance of badminton athletes. Findings suggest that psychological training integrated into athlete training programs can increase motivation, reduce competitive anxiety, strengthen concentration, and build mental resilience, all critical factors in athletic achievement. Sports psychology is a critical element in the training of badminton athletes, with significant potential to improve athlete performance. Psychological interventions tailored to the individual needs of athletes hold promise in optimizing athletic potential and achieving competitive success. Future research is needed to understand better how to best integrate these psychological techniques into the training of badminton athletes and to design more effective training programs that take full advantage of the role of sports psychology.

This research aims to create innovative and effective endurance training materials tailored for long-distance runners aged 15-18. Utilizing the research and development (RnD) approach with the Borg and Gall model, the study incorporates feedback from expert validators and athletes along with their coaches from Sorong, West Papua. The research procedure encompasses ten stages, starting with problem identification and culminating in the implementation of the final product, involving 80 athletes. These stages include initial analysis, planning, initial product development, preliminary field testing, primary product revision, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision, and dissemination and implementation. The involvement of both experts and practitioners ensures the training materials are theoretically sound and practically applicable. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21, employing a normality test, a homogeneity test, and a paired-sample t-test to ensure the reliability and validity of the findings. The normality test confirmed the data followed a normal distribution, while the homogeneity test ensured the sample groups were comparable. The paired-sample t-test results indicated the newly developed book-based endurance training model significantly enhanced athletes' performance (p-value 0.000), showing a more substantial improvement in training outcomes compared to conventional methods (p-value 0.014). This improvement is attributed to the structured and comprehensive nature of the training materials, which include interactive elements and technology integration, making the training process more engaging and effective for young athletes. In conclusion, adopting interactive and technology-based training models can significantly aid in developing endurance skills in young long-distance runners, addressing specific needs and optimizing their training regimen. Keywords: Athletics, Endurance Training, Exercise Media, Physical Education  

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of effriction and frirage massage therapy methods in reducing pain in knee injuries. A total of 64 participants (Male, BMI = 21.48 kg/m2, Age ± SD = 24,07 ± 2.72), who were classified by 1-month and 2-month injury duration, underwent various therapy regimens with 10-minute and 15-minute treatment durations. The data collection instrument used the NPRS scale. The results of the analysis showed that the effriction intervention significantly reduced knee pain in injuries with a history of 1 month and 2 months, with a consistent reduction in pain at both 10 and 15 minute durations (p-value = 0.000). In contrast, frirage interventions also showed a reduction in pain, but their effectiveness varied; A significant reduction in pain was only observed at a 10-minute duration for a 1-month history injury (p-value = 0.041) and at a 15-minute duration for a 2-month history injury (p-value = 0.028). There was no significant reduction in pain in frirage with a duration of 10 minutes for 2 months of injury and a duration of 15 minutes for 1 month of injury. Overall, the effriction technique is more effective than frirage in reducing knee pain in traumatic injuries. These findings support the recommendation to use effriction as the primary method in knee pain therapy, while frirage may be considered for more specific contexts. Keywords: Effriction; frirage; massage therapy; knee injuries; therapy duration

Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) is an additional physiological parameter that helps identify the transition from aerobic to anaerobic workload. Additionally, it can be used to predict performance by calculating Vo2 and energy expenditure. Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) is a measure of oxygen saturation in muscle tissue that can be used to evaluate metabolic zones, training intensity, and athlete performance. An athlete's muscle oxygen saturation (SMO2) is a measure of how well their muscles use oxygen, which is important for evaluating performance and creating training programs. This research is a week-long experimental study with a one-shot case study design, research intends to look at the effect of Vo2Max on muscle oxygen saturation (SMO2) in university badminton athletes. The subjects of this research are student athletes who actively practice badminton. There were 6 respondents who were willing to be research subjects and had met the specified criteria, namely actively exercising three times a week and being in good health. Then the author took data on athletes who had the highest and lowest Vo2Max to analyze SMO2 optimization, which was the focus of this research. The results of the analysis show that there is a significant influence between Vo2max and SMO2 optimization; this can be seen by the difference through the t test with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000 < 0.05. Another finding is that athletes with higher Vo2max show better SMO2 recovery results. better than athletes with low Vo2max; in this study, athletes with higher Vo2max showed a 37% increase in SMO2 over two minutes, while athletes with lower Vo2max showed a 21% increase. This is an interesting finding for coaches and athletes regarding the importance of Vo2 max capacity in optimizing SMO2.

Introduction and Objective:Pregnancy often brings both physical and psychological changes that can last throughout the nine months. Many pregnant women experience anxiety and fear about the labor process. Anxiety during pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and baby. Prenatal Gentle Yoga, a non-pharmacological treatment, has been suggested as a way to help pregnant women manage stress and anxiety, while preparing them mentally and physically for childbirth. The purpose of this study is todetermine whether Prenatal Gentle Yoga can reduce anxiety levels in pregnant women in the third trimester, specifically primigrav-ida women, in preparation for childbirth.Methodology:This study utilized a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-post-test setup. The study involved 15 participants who were assessed before and after the intervention of Prenatal Gentle Yoga. The independent and dependent variables were studied simultane-ously through purposive sampling. Anxiety levels were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the paired t-test.Results:The results showed that Prenatal Gentle Yoga had a significant effect in reducing anxi-ety levels among primigravida pregnant women in their third trimester when facing childbirth.Conclusion:This study concludes that Prenatal Gentle Yoga is an effective non-pharmacological approach to help reduce anxiety in pregnant women, particularly in preparation for labor. It is recommended for midwives to incorporate this method into prenatal care to support women before childbirth. Additionally, yoga servesas a safe and beneficial exercise for pregnant women, contributing to their physical and psychological readiness for delivery Introducción y Objetivo: El embarazo a menudo trae consigo cambios tanto físicos como psico-lógicos que pueden perdurar durante los nueve meses. Muchas mujeres embarazadas experi-mentan ansiedad y miedo sobre el proceso de parto. La ansiedad durante el embarazo puede provocar complicaciones tanto para la madre como para el bebé. Se ha sugerido que el Yoga Suave Prenatal, un tratamiento no farmacológico, puede ayudar a las mujeres embarazadas a manejar el estrés y la ansiedad, mientras las prepara mental y físicamente para el parto. El pro-pósito de este estudio es determinar si el Yoga Suave Prenatal puede reducir los niveles de an-siedad en las mujeres embarazadas en el tercer trimestre, específicamente en las primíparas, en preparación para el parto.Metodología: Este estudio utilizó un diseño pre-experimental con un diseño de pretest-post-test en un solo grupo. El estudio involucró a 15 participantes que fueron evaluadas antes y des-pués de la intervención de Yoga Suave Prenatal. Las variables independientes y dependientes se estudiaron simultáneamente mediante un muestreo intencional. Los niveles de ansiedad se midieron utilizando el cuestionario del Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Los datos fueron anali-zados mediante análisis univariado y bivariado con la prueba t para muestras relacionadas.Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el Yoga Suave Prenatal tuvo un efecto significativo en la reducción de los niveles de ansiedad entre las mujeres embarazadas primíparas en su tercer trimestre cuando se enfrentan al parto.Conclusión: Este estudio concluye que el Yoga Suave Prenatal es un enfoque no farmacológico efectivo para ayudar a reducir la ansiedad en las mujeres embarazadas, particularmente en la preparación para el parto. Se recomienda que las parteras incorporen este método en la aten-ción prenatal para apoyar a las mujeres antes del parto. Además, el yoga es un ejercicio seguro y beneficioso para las mujeres embarazadas, contribuyendo a su preparación física y psicoló-gica para el parto