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The present study investigated the effect of various types of impregnating and surface treatment materials on the fire resistance of wood material indoors and outdoors. Wood samples ( Cedrus libani A. Rich.) were impregnated with Wolmanit-CB or Tanalith-E according to ASTM D1413‐76 (American Society for Testing and Materials 1976). The impregnated surface was treated with either synthetic or water-based outdoor varnish materials. The impregnated and varnished samples were left in outdoor conditions for 1 year. The combustion characteristics of the samples were investigated at the end of 1 year according to the combustion parameters detailed in the ASTM E160‐50 (1975) combustion test. The results of this study indicated that the combustion parameters were lower in the 1-year-old samples (89.12% of control values), in the samples impregnated using Wolmanit-CB (89.18% of control values), and in samples treated using water-based varnish (88.43% of control values). The analysis of flue gas indicated that the O 2 content of the 1-year-old samples impregnated with Wolmanit-CB and treated with synthetic varnish was higher, whereas the CO content was lower. In conclusion, impregnated Wolmanit-CB specimens provide higher fire resistance.

Knowing the distribution of gossypol glands in cotton will help to improve advanced cultivars with great economic return. The aim is to compare cotton genotypes for the number and the distribution of gossypol glands found in different plant parts and to determine the genotypes which contain more gossypol glands in their vegetative parts but little or none in their seeds. The intensity and the greatness of the gossypol amount is an important part of defending against plant insects and diseases. Randomized complete block design with two replications was applied at the Agricultural Research Institute of Kahramanmaras during 2006-2007. Thirty seven cotton genotypes belonging to Gossypium hirsutum L. species were the plant material. The number of gossypol glands on stem, boll walls (carpels), leaves and seeds were visually counted and ranged from 0 to 142 per cm2 for stem, 0 to 135 per cm2 for leaf, 0 to 85 per cm2 for boll wall and 0 to 16 per mm2 for embryo (kernel). Number of gossypol glands varied for the genotypes and years but this variance was too low in some genotypes. Genotypes 'Acala Royale', 'Acala Prema', 'Deltaopal' and 'Carmen' had relatively more gossypol glands on their vegetative parts but less in their seed. Measured parameters were positively and significantly correlated to each other. Correlations for number of gossypol glands between stem and leaf (r=0.77**), boll wall (r=0.65**) and seed (r=0.32**) were significant.

Pamuk dünyada ve ülkemizde önemli bir tekstil hammaddesi olmakla birlikte aynı zamanda lifi alındıktan sonra yağ ve yem sanayisi ile birlikte birçok endüstri koluna hammadde sağlamaktadır. Pamuk tohumunun yem ve yağ kaynağı olarak insan ve hayvan beslenmesinde kullanımını tohumun içerdiği gossypol maddesinden dolayı sınırlı kalmaktadır. Pamuk ıslah hedeflerinden biride tohumunda gossypol içermeyen çeşitlerin geliştirilmesidir. Böylece pamuktan elde edilen yağın kalitesi ve insan beslenmesinde kullanım yaygınlığı artabilecektir. Bu çalışma ile markör destekli seleksiyonu (MAS: Marker Asisted Selection) mümkün kılabilecek olan gossypol ile ilişkili markör geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma pamuk genetik stokumuzda bulunan ve yapılacak ıslah programlarında ebeveyn olarak kullanılabilecek 48 adet pamuk genotipi ile yürütülmüştür. İlişkilendirme haritalaması çalışmalarında fenotipik veri olarak gövde (adet/ cm2), yaprak (adet/ cm2), koza (adet/ cm2), tohum (adet/ mm2) daki gossypol beze sayıları ve tohum HPLC analizi verileri kullanılmıştır. Genotipik veri olarak genotipler 37 adet SSR markörünün taranması sonucu elde edilen, 83 adet polimorfik bant kullanılmıştır. Genel Linear Modelde (GLM); gövdedeki gossypol ile ilişkili 1 adet, kozadaki gossypol ile ilişki 4 adet, yapraktaki gossypol ile ilişkili 3 adet, tohumdaki gossypol ile ilişkili 8 adet, tohum HPLC sonuçları ile ilişkili 4 adet markör belirlenmiştir. Karışık linear modelde (MLM) ise gövdedeki gossypol ile ilişkili 1 adet, kozadaki gossypol ile ilişki 12 adet, yapraktaki gossypol ile ilişkili 3 adet, tohumdaki gossypol ile ilişkili 3 adet markör belirlenmiştir. Her iki yöntemde de belirlenen 5 adet (BNL3130, BNL3627, JESPR7, BNL3449, BNL387, JESPER178) markörler gossypol yönünden oluşturulmuş F2 popülasyonları gibi özel popülasyonlarda doğrulaması yapılarak, markör destekli seleksiyonda kullanımları mümkün olacaktır.

Vitamin C, enzyme activities, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, and essential oil analyses of ripe and unripe fruits of P. terebinthus were investigated. Vitamin C amounts of ripe and unripe fruits were 63.2 and 15.4 mg/100g, respectively. The main phenolic compounds of unripe and ripe fruits are rutin, syringic acid, and gallic acid. It was determined that the enzyme inhibitor activities in the ripe and unripe fruits were 0.136 mg/mL and 2.14 mg/mL. In all of the free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) activity, ferric (III) ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) capacity, total phenolic substance amounts (TPC), total flavonoid substance amounts (TFC), and total antioxidant activity (TAC) antioxidant methods analyzed with plant parts, the methanol extracts obtained from the ripe fruits of the P. terebinthus showed higher antioxidant properties than the methanol extracts obtained from the unripe fruits. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 showed antimicrobial activity against microorganisms, while methanol extracts obtained from unripe fruit samples did not show antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms used. The chemical grade with the most compounds in the essential oils of P. terebinthus were monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and monoterpenes in unripe and ripe fruits, respectively. The main components were α-pinene with 22.8% and 27.3% ratios in unripe and ripe fruits, respectively.

Volatile oil analysis, phenolic constituents, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, vitamin C, and enzyme activities of the fruits of Rhus coriaria L. were studied. The chemical with the highest percentage was sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with 40.4%. The major compound was detected as caryophyllene (36.9%). The main phenolic constituents of fruit samples were gallic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The highest phenolic constituents of fruits were gallic acid. Ferric (III) ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) capacity (14.9 mg FeSO4 eq./g), free radical scavenging (ABTS) capacity (68.8 mg AA eq./g), ABTS % inhibition rate (98.0%), free radical scavenging (DPPH) (53.1 mg AA eq./g), and DPPH % inhibition (79.6%) amounts were determined in antioxidant capacities of the samples. The bioactive component contents of the samples were total antioxidant amounts (TAC) (32.8 mg GA/g), total flavonoid substance amounts (TFC) (73.8 mg QE eq./g), and total phenolic substance amounts (TPC) (41.4 mg GA eq./g). The results of the antimicrobial activity analysis of R. coriaria fruit samples showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes microorganisms. The amount of vitamin C and enzyme inhibitor activity in the fruits of R. coriaria were determined as 35.5 mg/100 g and 0.07 mg/mL, respectively.

This study aimed to determine the risk level of noise, which is an important physical risk, in small and medium-sized furniture industry enterprises. The noise levels of the circular sawing machines, edge banding machines, and mitre cutting machines, which are among the main processing machines of the sector, were measured. The study was carried out in 32 furniture businesses. The possible risks of noise on the operators of the machines in question and other employees were evaluated. Noise level measurements were made with the help of TESTO 815 measuring device. Dunnett’s T3 test was used to detect differences in noise levels for machine operators and other employees. It was determined that the edge banding machine does not pose an occupational health and safety risk in terms of noise risk factors. However, the mitre cutting machine and the circular sawing machine pose a risk for the machine operator in active production by creating noise above the established exposure limit value. The mitre cutting machine carries the same risk for the machine operator when it is in operation but in passive production. The results revealed the need for personal protective equipment for machine operators for mitre cutting and circular sawing machine.

The procedure for the liquefaction of apricot stone shells was reported in Part 1. Part 2 of this work determines the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the bio-based rigid polyurethane foam composites (RPUFc). In this study, the thermal conductivity, compressive strength, compressive modulus, thermogravimetric analysis, flammability tests (horizontal burning and limited oxygen index (LOI)) in the flame retardants), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) (cell diameter in the SEM) tests of the RPUFc were performed and compared with control samples. The results showed the thermal conductivity (0.0342 to 0.0362 mW/mK), compressive strength (10.5 to 14.9 kPa), compressive modulus (179.9 to 180.3 kPa), decomposition and residue in the thermogravimetric analysis (230 to 491 °C, 15.31 to 21.61%), UL-94 and LOI in the flame retardants (539.5 to 591.1 mm/min, 17.8 to 18.5%), and cell diameter in the SEM (50.6 to 347.5 μm) of RPUFc attained from liquefied biomass. The results were similar to those of foams obtained from industrial RPUFs, and demonstrated that bio-based RPUFc obtained from liquefied apricot stone shells could be used as a reinforcement filler in the preparation of RPUFs, specifically in construction and insulation materials. Moreover, liquefied apricot stone shell products have potential to be fabricated into rigid polyurethane foam composites.

Polyurethane foam is one of the most versatile construction insulation materials because of its low density, high mechanical properties, and low thermal conductivity. This study examined biobased rigid polyurethane foam composites from apricot stone shells, which are lignocellulosic residues. The apricot stone shells were liquefied with a PEG-400 (polyethylene glycol-400) and glycerin mixture in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst at 140 to 160 °C for 120 min. Rigid polyurethane-type foam composites from the reaction were successfully prepared with different chemical components. Biobased polyurethane-type foam composites were successfully produced from the liquefied apricot stone shells. The FTIR spectra of liquefaction products confirmed successful liquefaction of products and that they are sources of hydroxyl groups. The liquefaction yield (81.6 to 96.7%), hydroxyl number (133.5 to 204.8 mg KOH per g), the highest elemental analysis amount (C, H, N, S, O) (62.08, 6.32, 6.12, 0.13, and 25.35%), and density (0.0280 to 0.0482 g per cm3) of the rigid polyurethane foam composites were comparable to foams made from commercial RPUF composites.

Enzyme inhibition activities, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activities, and chemical components of essential oil and methanol extracts obtained from the aerial parts of S. cretica subsp. anatolica were investigated. The main phenolic compounds of aerial parts were catechin, oleuropein, and epicatechin. The determined enzyme inhibitor activities highlight the potential of S. cretica subsp. anatolica as a source of bioactive compounds, particularly for carbonic anhydrase and cholinesterase inhibition. The essential oil and methanol extract exhibited remarkable activities against CA-II, AChE, and BChE, although they were less potent than standard inhibitors. The essential oils generally showed stronger antimicrobial activity compared to the 30% methanol extracts across most bacterial and fungal strains, as evidenced by minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and larger inhibition zones. Chloramphenicol used alone exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficacy, with the lowest MIC and MLC values and the largest inhibition zones. The essential oils of S. cretica subsp. anatolica were determined as esters, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and aldehydes in aerial parts. The main components were found to be hexahydrofarnesyl acetone in the aerial parts.