Explore the vast range of titles available.

This paper describes the results of a series of tests on a heavy-duty truck diesel engine using conventional and low viscosity lubricants. The objectives were to explore the impact of reducing lubricant viscosity on wear, friction and fuel consumption. The radiotracing Thin Layer Activation method was used to make on-line measurements of wear at the cylinder liner, top piston ring, connecting rod small end bush and intake cam lobe. The engine was operated under a wide range of conditions (load, speed and temperature) and with lubricants of several different viscosity grades. Results indicate the relationship between lubricant viscosity and wear at four critical locations. Wear at other locations was assessed by analysis of wear metals and post test inspection. The fuel consumption was then measured on the same engine with the same lubricants. Results indicate the relationship between oil viscosity and fuel consumption under a wide range of operating conditions. Expected fuel consumption improvements over a typical drive cycle were calculated. Friction of the whole engine was calculated from measurements of cylinder pressure and brake torque, with two of the low viscosity oils and, in addition, a five stage motored friction teardown test was performed. Together these results were used to explore the relationship between lubricant viscosity and friction across a range of operating conditions.

On 6 May 1966 the ‘Trial of the Century’ came to an end. Chester Assizes court convicted Ian Brady and Myra Hindley for the murders of 12-year-old John Kilbride, 10-year-old Lesley Ann Downey, and 17-year-old Edward Evans. The court found Brady guilty on all three murder charges and sentenced him to three concurrent life sentences. Hindley received two life sentences for the murders of Downey and Evans, and a further seven years for being an after-the-fact accomplice in Brady’s murder of Kilbride. Following the description already given to the police investigation and trial, the newspapers gave Brady and Hindley the infamous label of the ‘Moors Murderers’ straight after the trial. The Moors murders have become a part of British folklore since the 1960s, but the case itself has hitherto received surprisingly little attention from academic historians. Following Martin Wiener’s injunction for historians to pay closer attention to murder stories, this doctoral thesis presents a cultural history of the Moors murders case. My study analyses the courtroom arguments, media coverage and post-trial books about the case, to interrogate broader themes of moral and cultural change in 1960s Britain. My thesis emphasises the multi-vocal nature of representations of both the case and the murderers in order to challenge the linear and progressive historiographies of the 1960s, associated in particular with Arthur Marwick. The thesis examines four major facets of the Moors murders story, dedicating a chapter to each. The first chapter explores how the news media (primarily the press, but also broadcast media) negotiated the story. The first detailed empirical analysis of newspaper coverage of the case reveals the limitations of studies structured primarily around social class. The thesis follows Stuart Hall and A.C.H. Smith in arguing that analyses of the press should not be reduced to a simple differentiation between popular, middle-brow and high-brow but should instead consider the ‘personalities’ of each publication and the moral relationships constructed with readers. Furthermore, the chapter engages with Adrian Bingham’s recent argument about the moral politics of the press, exploring his assertion that the popular press balanced commercial profits alongside a commitment to maintain their reputation as ‘family newspapers’. The chapter argues that content of the press coverage of the Moors murders case generated far greater concerns than the suspect practices of journalists. Chapters two and three focus in turn on the diverse representations of Ian Brady and Myra Hindley. Commentators debated the origins of the evil behind the murders, with some highlighting his illegitimacy, others his reading of ‘dangerous’ books, the writings of the Marquis de Sade especially. Hindley’s role was hotly contested: most commentators emphasised how she had changed under Brady’s influence, but disagreed over the extent of her own involvement in the murders. The thesis reveals for the first time how images of Nazi Germany shadowed the case. The thesis thus contributes to historical investigations of permissiveness in post-war England, engaging with debates about censorship, child-rearing, the changing role of women, and the popular memory of the holocaust. The fourth and final chapter analyses the tensions generated around a murder story which took place in urban settings, but which became indelibly associated with the rural locations of the moors. The story mobilised a distinctive combination of gothic imagery with a long literary heritage, and the more recent language of social realism.

EDITOR, - George Giri asks which organisation represents Spanish doctors in the World Medical Association (WMA), because as far as he can ascertain there is no equivalent of the British Medical Association (BMA) in Spain.

The UK government's proposed insolvency law will create uncertainty over secured creditors' rights. Clarification needs to be given as to the scope of the capital markets exception to reassure the rating agencies, banks and investors that the use of such valuable financial techniques as whole business securitizations may continue unhindered.

John James Andrew Reid, doctor of medicine: born Newport-on-Tay, Fife 21 January 1925; Lecturer in Public Health and Social Medicine, St Andrews University 1955-59; Deputy County Medical Officer of Health, Northamptonshire 1959-62, County Medical Officer of Health, 1962-67; County Medical Officer of Health, Buckinghamshire 1967-72; Honorary Consultant in Community Medicine to the Army 1971-90; Deputy Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health and Social Security 1972-77; CB 1975; Chief Medical Officer, Scotland 1977-85; Vice-Chairman, Executive Board, WHO 1977-78, Chairman 1978-79; KCMG 1985; Consultant Adviser on International Health, Department of Health (formerly Health and Social Security) 1986-91; Deputy Chairman, Review Board for Overseas Qualified Practitioners 1986-90, Chairman 1990-94; President, BMA 1992-93; married 1949 Marjorie Crumpton (died 1990; one son, four daughters), 1992 Dr Dulcie Gooding (nee Rawle); died Oving, Buckinghamshire 7 July 1994. In 1977 Reid returned to Scotland as Chief Medical Officer, where he regarded the resource and management issues as being on a more realistic scale. He encouraged studies on maternal and perinatal mortality and forged links between Scotland and Finland in the investigation of common health problems. When he retired from this post in 1985 he was appointed Consultant Adviser on International Health to the Department of Health and Social Security. He was a member of its Board of Management of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, which he chaired from 1989 until his death.

THE United Kingdom dairy industry is once again having to cope with turmoil as farmers across the country struggle to secure clean milk quota. Even though weekly deliveries of milk are easing relative to 2003 the cumulative milk position suggests the likelihood of exceeding the UK national quota. Those who purchased quota at 10 pence per litre must be feeling relieved to say the least; the prospect of paying 30-35ppl for equivalent quota is less than palatable. Equally, leasing prices of 13-14ppl do little to ease the frustration felt by many milk producers. The weakness in the quota market for several years led many to believe that financial penalties through superlevy were a thing of the past. In this context, and given the proposed top-ups to national quota, many farmers invested in expansion without much regard to the milk quota issue.

Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia—one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to batpopulation turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other Pteropus species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysiaclade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout Pteropus’s range.