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"Field, John"
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Rethinking the second language listening test : from theory to practice
Testing second language listening proficiency validly and reliably has always posed a challenge. In the days before the widespread availability of recorded material, tests were reliant upon the voice of the examiner. Each test administration was a unique phonetic event, with enormous variations of delivery between examiners and even within the performance of a single examiner on different occasions. The presentation was read-aloud, and the texts chosen were often those that had been written to be read (including literary extracts). The resulting input to test takers bore little resemblance to natural connected speech.
Book
Lung cancer LDCT screening and mortality reduction — evidence, pitfalls and future perspectives
In the past decade, the introduction of molecularly targeted agents and immune-checkpoint inhibitors has led to improved survival outcomes for patients with advanced-stage lung cancer; however, this disease remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Two large randomized controlled trials of low-dose CT (LDCT)-based lung cancer screening in high-risk populations — the US National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) and NELSON — have provided evidence of a statistically significant mortality reduction in patients. LDCT-based screening programmes for individuals at a high risk of lung cancer have already been implemented in the USA. Furthermore, implementation programmes are currently underway in the UK following the success of the UK Lung Cancer Screening (UKLS) trial, which included the Liverpool Health Lung Project, Manchester Lung Health Check, the Lung Screen Uptake Trial, the West London Lung Cancer Screening pilot and the Yorkshire Lung Screening trial. In this Review, we focus on the current evidence on LDCT-based lung cancer screening and discuss the clinical developments in high-risk populations worldwide; additionally, we address aspects such as cost-effectiveness. We present a framework to define the scope of future implementation research on lung cancer screening programmes referred to as Screening Planning and Implementation RAtionale for Lung cancer (SPIRAL).Despite the introduction of novel therapies, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Randomized controlled trials of low-dose CT-based lung cancer screening in high-risk populations have shown a reduction in mortality. The authors of this Review discuss these studies and present the Screening Planning and Implementation RAtionale for Lung cancer (SPIRAL), a framework to define the scope of future implementation research on lung cancer screening.
Journal Article
Rethinking the second language listening test : from theory to practice
Testing second language listening proficiency validly and reliably has always posed a challenge. In the days before the widespread availability of recorded material, tests were reliant upon the voice of the examiner. Each test administration was a unique phonetic event, with enormous variations of delivery between examiners and even within the performance of a single examiner on different occasions. The presentation was read-aloud, and the texts chosen were often those that had been written to be read (including literary extracts). The resulting input to test takers bore little resemblance to natural connected speech.
eBook
Moles
\"Funny and fact-filled, Moles is another installment in the Superpower field guides series by author Rachel Poliquin, featuring full-color illustrations by Nicholas John Frith that will engage readers with witty narration and fun visual elements, inspiring readers to dig deep and see the world, both above and below ground, with new eyes\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Habitat compression and ecosystem shifts as potential links between marine heatwave and record whale entanglements
Climate change and increased variability and intensity of climate events, in combination with recovering protected species populations and highly capitalized fisheries, are posing new challenges for fisheries management. We examine socio-ecological features of the unprecedented 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heatwave to understand the potential causes for record numbers of whale entanglements in the central California Current crab fishery. We observed habitat compression of coastal upwelling, changes in availability of forage species (krill and anchovy), and shoreward distribution shift of foraging whales. We propose that these ecosystem changes, combined with recovering whale populations, contributed to the exacerbation of entanglements throughout the marine heatwave. In 2016, domoic acid contamination prompted an unprecedented delay in the opening of California’s Dungeness crab fishery that inadvertently intensified the spatial overlap between whales and crab fishery gear. We present a retroactive assessment of entanglements to demonstrate that cooperation of fishers, resource managers, and scientists could mitigate future entanglement risk by developing climate-ready fisheries approaches, while supporting thriving fishing communities.
Climate-driven extreme events may have strong local impacts on marine organisms and fisheries. Here the authors report increased whale entanglements in the northeast Pacific following a marine heatwave, and propose compression of coastal upwelling habitat as the potential driver.
Journal Article
مدخل إلى تقانة الهندسة الزراعية : نهج حل المسائل
يعد هذا الكتاب مرجعا قيما لطلاب الزراعة في المستوى التمهيدي. وقد جرى تنقيح هذه الطبعة وتحديثها وإغناؤها بحيث تتوافق مع معايير ووحدات الجمعية الأميركية للمهندسين الزراعيين والحيويين ASABE. ويهدف الكتاب إلى ما يلي : اطلاع الطلاب على طيف واسع من تطبيقات مبادئ الهندسة على الزراعة-مناقشة مجموعة مختارة من المواضيع المستقلة، ذات العلاقة بالزراعة-تطوير مهارات الطلاب في حل المسائل ويتضمن كل فصل الأهداف التعليمية منه، إضافة إلى مقدمة وأمثلة على شكل مسائل حيثما كان ذلك ملائما ومسائل إضافية باستعمال الوحدات المترية الدولية.
BOOK
Intelligibility and the Listener: The Role of Lexical Stress
For some 30 years, intelligibility has been recognized as an appropriate goal for pronunciation instruction, yet remarkably little is known about the factors that make a language learner's speech intelligible. Studies have traced correlations between features of nonnative speech and native speakers' intelligibility judgements. They have tended to regard prosody as a global phenomenon and to view intelligibility as primarily a quality of the speaker. The present article focuses on a single prosodic element, lexical stress, and shifts the focus of study to the listener. It draws on findings in psycholinguistics that have rarely been applied to second language (L2) contexts. Groups of listeners were asked to transcribe recorded material in which the variables of lexical stress and vowel quality were manipulated. Recognizing the extent to which English is employed in international contexts, the study contrasted the effect of the variables on native listeners (NLs) with their effect on nonnative listeners (NNLs). NLs and NNLs were found to respond in remarkably similar ways to the problems posed by stress misallocation. For both groups, the extent to which intelligibility was compromised depended greatly on the direction in which stress was shifted and whether changes in vowel quality were involved.
Journal Article