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"Fielding, Beth"
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Animal colors : a rainbow of colors from animals around the world
Describes the ways animals use color as camouflage, to warn predators they're poisonous, and to communicate with friends and enemies.
Book
The production and maintenance of gendered discourses in football coaching
This study explores the re/production of gendered discourses within the masculinised site of football coach education. English coach education is administered by County Football Associations (CFAs) under the umbrella of the Football Association (FA). Two coach education courses were observed at a CFA and 27 interviews conducted with course participants, CFA staff and wider FA members. Critical Discourse Analysis, with a focus on rhetoric, was utilised to explore how women (and men) are discursively positioned within FA coaching discourses that define and organise the male-dominated site. The analysis illuminates that organisational members worked discursively to claim football category membership, enabling them to perform the category 'properly'. Consequently, the category's shared meanings (maleness and hegemonic masculinity) were reproduced in the face of ideological challenge (Foucault 1972) from women's participation. Category membership was regulated by male coaches' differential treatment of players in accordance with traditional gender norms. Re/produced knowledge that women coaches lack the confidence to progress and are blameworthy for their own subordination maintained male categorisation as standard and masked the gendered nature of sporting experience. This study reveals the conflicts between public FA policy and routine FA discursive practices. FA policy and the provision of separatist (women-only) coach education is utilised by category members to construct the FA as deliberately encouraging inferior Female coaches in order to comply with gender equity policies. Furthermore, the predominant framing of women in this site had significant implications for the research and its female researcher. Particular attention is paid to male members' non-collaboration with the researcher's professional identity; mobilising her sexual and gender identity as the most salient categorisation in the site (Rapley, 1997; Cameron, 1998; Meân, 2001). This study's findings are applicable to other sports and organisations outside sport that are facing similar ideological challege to their gendered dominance. The study concludes that FA coach education now needs to be radically reformulated.
Dissertation
In defence of ringette
This letter is in response to Bob Morris' letter directed at ringette regarding ice times at Burnaby arenas. I am currently in my 12th year of playing ringette. Because of ringette this past fall, I was able to go live in Finland for six months, where I competed in the Finnish Women's National Ringette League.
Newspaper Article
Behavioral and Neural Plasticity of Ocular Motor Control: Changes in Performance and fMRI Activity Following Antisaccade Training
The antisaccade task provides a model paradigm that sets the inhibition of a reflexively driven behavior against the volitional control of a goal-directed behavior. The stability and adaptability of antisaccade performance was investigated in 23 neurologically healthy individuals. Behavior and brain function were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) prior to and immediately following 2 weeks of daily antisaccade training. Participants performed antisaccade trials faster with no change in directional error rate following 2 weeks of training; however this increased speed came at the cost of the spatial accuracy of the saccade (gain) which became more hypometric following training. Training on the antisaccade task resulted in increases in fMRI activity in the fronto-basal ganglia-parietal-cerebellar ocular motor network. Following training, antisaccade latency was positively associated with fMRI activity in the frontal and supplementary eye fields, anterior cingulate and intraparietal sulcus; antisaccade gain was negatively associated with fMRI activity in supplementary eye fields, anterior cingulate, intraparietal sulcus, and cerebellar vermis. In sum, the results suggest that following training, larger antisaccade latency is associated with larger activity in fronto-parietal-cerebellar ocular motor regions, and smaller antisaccade gain is associated with larger activity in fronto-parietal ocular motor regions.
Journal Article
Ischaemic stroke: the ocular motor system as a sensitive marker for motor and cognitive recovery
Objective To evaluate the sensitivity of measuring cognitive processing in the ocular motor system as a marker for recovery of deficit in post stroke patients. Methods 15 patients (mean age 60.6 years, mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 2.25) and 10 age matched control subjects (mean age 63.3 years) participated in the study. We included mildly affected acute stroke patients without a visual field defect or gaze palsy. Patients were examined at onset and at 1 month and 3 months post stroke by testing ocular motor function, NIHSS, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and standard cognitive function assessments. Results Significant differences were found in measures of ocular motor function between groups at stroke onset as well as between the first test and follow-up in patients. At 3 months, function had not returned to normal baseline. Ocular motor function was more sensitive in identifying cognitive dysfunction and improvement compared with NIHSS or mRS. Conclusions Standard neurological assessments of stroke patients are weighted significantly towards motor and sensory function, underestimating cognitive deficits. Ocular motor assessment demonstrates cognitive effects of even mild stroke and may provide improved quantifiable measurements of cognitive recovery post stroke. We demonstrated abnormality in patients just after onset, extending beyond 3 months, when there was apparent full recovery of motor and sensory function, implying more widespread disruption of cognitive mechanisms, consistent with the subjective complaints received from patients. This may provide insight into cognitive rehabilitation strategies leading to improved functional outcomes.
Journal Article
Quality of stepped-wedge trial reporting can be reliably assessed using an updated CONSORT: crowd-sourcing systematic review
The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials extension for the stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial (SW-CRT) is a recently published reporting guideline for SW-CRTs. We assess the quality of reporting of a recent sample of SW-CRTs.
Quality of reporting was asssessed according to the 26 items in the new guideline using a novel crowd sourcing methodology conducted independently and in duplicate, with random assignment, by 50 reviewers. We assessed reliability of the quality assessments, proposing this as a novel way to assess robustness of items in reporting guidelines.
Several items were well reported. Some items were very poorly reported, including several items that have unique requirements for the SW-CRT, such as the rationale for use of the design, description of the design, identification and recruitment of participants within clusters, and concealment of cluster allocation (not reported in more than 50% of the reports). Agreement across items was moderate (median percentage agreement was 76% [IQR 64 to 86]). Agreement was low for several items including the description of the trial design and why trial ended or stopped for example.
When reporting SW-CRTs, authors should pay particular attention to ensure clear reporting on the exact format of the design with justification, as well as how clusters and individuals were identified for inclusion in the study, and whether this was done before or after randomization of the clusters, which are crucial for risk of bias assessments. Some items, including why the trial ended, might either not be relevant to SW-CRTs or might be unclearly described in the statement.
•The stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial (SW-CRT) is a novel cluster randomized trial variant that is increasingly being used.•The design has many methodological complexities, which increase its risk of bias.•This article reports a baseline assessment of the quality of reporting according to this new guideline using a novel crowdsourcing methodology.•This review has been produced with involvement with many of the leading experts in this study design.•We are in the position of being ahead of the curve with great potential to improve reporting of this innovative design by revealing where quality is currently lacking before its widespread use.
Journal Article
Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in standardised first few X cases and household transmission investigations: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
We aimed to estimate the household secondary infection attack rate (hSAR) of SARS‐CoV‐2 in investigations aligned with the WHO Unity Studies Household Transmission Investigations (HHTI) protocol. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and medRxiv/bioRxiv for “Unity‐aligned” First Few X cases (FFX) and HHTIs published 1 December 2019 to 26 July 2021. Standardised early results were shared by WHO Unity Studies collaborators (to 1 October 2021). We used a bespoke tool to assess investigation methodological quality. Values for hSAR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted or calculated from crude data. Heterogeneity was assessed by visually inspecting overlap of CIs on forest plots and quantified in meta‐analyses. Of 9988 records retrieved, 80 articles (64 from databases; 16 provided by Unity Studies collaborators) were retained in the systematic review; 62 were included in the primary meta‐analysis. hSAR point estimates ranged from 2% to 90% (95% prediction interval: 3%–71%; I2 = 99.7%); I2 values remained >99% in subgroup analyses, indicating high, unexplained heterogeneity and leading to a decision not to report pooled hSAR estimates. FFX and HHTI remain critical epidemiological tools for early and ongoing characterisation of novel infectious pathogens. The large, unexplained variance in hSAR estimates emphasises the need to further support standardisation in planning, conduct and analysis, and for clear and comprehensive reporting of FFX and HHTIs in time and place, to guide evidence‐based pandemic preparedness and response efforts for SARS‐CoV‐2, influenza and future novel respiratory viruses.
Journal Article