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"Filiu, Jean-Pierre"
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The Origins of Hamas: Militant Legacy or Israeli Tool?
Since its creation in 1987, Hamas has been at the forefront of armed resistance in the occupied Palestinian territories. While the movement itself claims an unbroken militancy in Palestine dating back to 1935, others credit post-1967 maneuvers of Israeli Intelligence for its establishment. This article, in assessing these opposing narratives and offering its own interpretation, delves into the historical foundations of Hamas starting with the establishment in 1946 of the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood (the mother organization) and ending with its emergence as a distinct entity at the outbreak of the first intifada. Particular emphasis is given to the Brotherhood's pre-1987 record of militancy in the Strip, and on the complicated and intertwining relationship between the Brotherhood and Fatah.
Journal Article
Best of enemies : a history of US and Middle East relations
It was an American who first described the \"Barbary\" lands of the Mediterranean basin as \"the Middle East\"--A region by which America, ever since its own revolutionary foundation, has always measured its power. Acclaimed historian Jean-Pierre Filiu and award-winning artist David B. tell the story of the blockades, broadsides, and betrayals of this foreign affair - a wary co-dependency that, from the Epic of Gilgamesh to the Eisenhower era, and from gold to oil, has continued to define our modern world.
Book
The Twelve Wars on Gaza
The fifty-day war on the Gaza Strip during the summer of 2014 was far more devastating than previous conflicts. But it was neither unprecedented nor unpredictable, being, in effect, Israel's twelfth war against Gaza. This essay contends that if the seemingly endless cycle of violence is to be broken, the latest conflict must be placed in its proper context: the eleven wars on Gaza that preceded this one and Israel's obdurate refusal to countenance the national rights of the Palestinians or recognize Gaza as an integral part of Palestine.
Journal Article
Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and the Dilemmas of Jihadi Loyalty
In a decade-long of activities, Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has nurtured a unique mix of global and local jihadism. It has kept a distinctively Algerian leadership through all its various evolutions. But the Algerian field commanders in the Sahara region, far beyond the Algerian borders, have taken over the global dimension of jihadi projection from the AQIM leadership still holed up in Kabylia. The feud between the two main Sahara commanders aggravated the complexity of those shifting loyalties, first, inside AQIM, and second, with their regional partners and, third, in relation with Al-Qaida Senior Leadership. The short-lived “Islamic Emirate” of Northern Mali (2012-2013) and the recent coalition of a “Group for the support of Islam and Muslims” have shown AQIM enter alliances on its own initiative, while pledging unconditional allegiance to Zawahiri.
Journal Article
The Local and global Jihad of al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghrib
Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghrib (AQIM) was founded in 2007 as the latest offshoot of the global jihad. But it is deeply rooted in a long and complex history of Algerian violence, with the \"Afghan\" volunteers in the 1980s, the civil war raging in the 1990s, and the more recent crisis
of the jihadi networks. Despite all its global rhetoric, AQIM has not fully transcended its local dynamics, between its Kabylia strongholds and its Saharan groups.
Journal Article
The Arab Revolution
The Arab revolutions that began in Tunisia in early 2011 spread like wildfire through the region, shocking observers across the world who had thought that Arab societies were incapable of turning on their repressive regimes. As Jean-Piere Filiu shows in his concise yet sweeping account of the revolution's pivotal first stage, the revolts that began in Tunis and continue today in Syria have exposed the fallacy of Western pronouncements about Islamic societies' inability to incubate modern democratic movements. Stressing the deep historical roots of the events and organizing the book around 'ten lessons,' Filiu's authoritative command of the events in all their diversity shines through. Facebook-savvy youth from the urban middle class proved central in the relatively leaderless movement that drove events in Egypt, but disenfranchised youths from the wrong side of the tracks spearheaded the Tunisian revolution. Regardless of who led the revolution, ruling regimes that have managed to survive are attempting to adapt, whether through carrots or sticks. As we move forward, one of the most intriguing issues is the role that political Islam, particularly in the form of the Muslim Brotherhood, will play in evolving Arab societies. Will they embrace democracy and higher levels of tolerance, following a Turkish model? Recent events in Egypt suggest that this may be indeed be the case, which will undercut much of what Western commentators have said about the movement for decades. Interestingly, the main losers could well be the jihadi groups whose discourse and violence have been invalidated by the mass protests and their pluralist agendas. Regardless, even though the situation is still volatile, nothing will be the same again in the Arab world. Filiu's taut account of this major revolutionary movement points to what else might change, and at what cost.
eBook
Gaza
Jean-Pierre Filiu's book is the first comprehensive history of Gaza in any language. Through its millennium-long existence, Gaza has often been bitterly disputed while simultaneously and paradoxically enduring prolonged neglect. The endurance of Gaza and the Palestinians make the publication of Gaza: A History both timely and significant.
eBook
Révolutions, contre-révolutions : qu’en dit l’historien ?
En revenant sur l’ancrage passé des mouvements révolutionnaires arabes, l’historien Jean-Pierre Filiu souligne ici l’influence des origines historiques sur les mouvements nés à partir de 2011. La négation de l’autodétermination des peuples arabes opérée à la fois par les Européens au XIXème-XXème ainsi que par leurs successeurs arabes autoritaires constitue la pierre angulaire de l’explosion populaire de la décennie 2010. En déconstruisant les préjugés simplistes des occidentaux autour de l’idée de « dégagisme », l’historien met en avant le fort sentiment de manquement démocratique ainsi que la volonté de refonte de leur système par lesquelles sont guidés les peuples arabes. Tout en retraçant l’importance du caractère pacifique des soulèvements arabes au cours de l’histoire, cet entretien pointe du doigt les limites auxquelles les populations doivent faire face. The historian Jean-Pierre Filiu emphasizes the role of origins in shaping movements born in 2011. The denial of the self-determination of Arab peoples by Europeans in the 19th-20th centuries as well as their authoritarian Arab successors forms the cornerstone of the popular explosion of the decade following 2010. Through his deconstruction of simplistic western prejudices around the idea of “degagism,” he highlights the powerful feeling of democratic failure and the will to overhaul their system which have motivated the Arab peoples. While retracing the importance of the peaceful nature of Arab uprisings throughout history, this interview spells out the limits that the populations have to face.
Journal Article
Définir Al-Qaida
Defining Al-Qaeda T he phenomenon of Al-Qaeda raises serious problems of understanding and interpretation. This makes it necessary to clarify its definition and calls for the long-term trajectory of Islam to be put into historical and ideological perspective with the assistance of a comparative approach. Al-Qaeda is at once an expression of contemporary Salafism (in its jihadist form) and at odds with it (by virtue of its unprecedented advocacy of global jihad). This divergence is worth underscoring for it feeds recurrent conflicts between Al-Qaeda and other (especially nationalist) groups engaged in armed jihad. While social movement theory feeds lively debate in the United States concerning the nature and evolution of this organization, it only partly answers the questions raised by the study of Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda’s dependence on the internet illustrates its originality as the foremost international terrorist organization as well as the elitist and avant-gardist manner in which it operates, with little effort made to encourage a mass movement. These reflections raise questions as to the reproducible and/or durable character of the organization. ■
Journal Article