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A 48 year old woman, status post renal transplantation six years earlier, died after a two week illness characterised by fever, recurrent seizures, and coma. Widespread abnormalities were seen on neuroimaging. A diagnosis of septic encephalopathy was established on postmortem. We describe the magnetic resonance imaging findings of bilateral basal ganglia, thalamic, cerebellar, brainstem, and cerebral abnormalities in this patient, which correlate with the pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy.

LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of B-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission for primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) selected LiteBIRD in May 2019 as a strategic large-class (L-class) mission, with an expected launch in the late 2020s using JAXA’s H3 rocket. LiteBIRD is planned to orbit the Sun–Earth Lagrangian point L2, where it will map the cosmic microwave background polarization over the entire sky for three years, with three telescopes in 15 frequency bands between 34 and 448 GHz, to achieve an unprecedented total sensitivity of $2.2\\, \\mu$K-arcmin, with a typical angular resolution of 0.5○ at 100 GHz. The primary scientific objective of LiteBIRD is to search for the signal from cosmic inflation, either making a discovery or ruling out well-motivated inflationary models. The measurements of LiteBIRD will also provide us with insight into the quantum nature of gravity and other new physics beyond the standard models of particle physics and cosmology. We provide an overview of the LiteBIRD project, including scientific objectives, mission and system requirements, operation concept, spacecraft and payload module design, expected scientific outcomes, potential design extensions, and synergies with other projects.

Lymphoproliferative disorders are known to complicate immunosuppressive therapy and two cases of primary lymphoma of CNS (PCNSL) have previously been described in association with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment. We report the third case of PCNSL in a patient with lupus nephropathy while on MMF treatment. PCNSL may be seen more frequently considering the increased use of MMF in immunosuppressant responsive conditions.

Recent developments of transition-edge sensors (TESs), based on extensive experience in ground-based experiments, have been making the sensor techniques mature enough for their application on future satellite cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments. LiteBIRD is in the most advanced phase among such future satellites, targeting its launch in Japanese Fiscal Year 2027 (2027FY) with JAXA’s H3 rocket. It will accommodate more than 4000 TESs in focal planes of reflective low-frequency and refractive medium-and-high-frequency telescopes in order to detect a signature imprinted on the CMB by the primordial gravitational waves predicted in cosmic inflation. The total wide frequency coverage between 34 and 448 GHz enables us to extract such weak spiral polarization patterns through the precise subtraction of our Galaxy’s foreground emission by using spectral differences among CMB and foreground signals. Telescopes are cooled down to 5 K for suppressing thermal noise and contain polarization modulators with transmissive half-wave plates at individual apertures for separating sky polarization signals from artificial polarization and for mitigating from instrumental 1/ f noise. Passive cooling by using V-grooves supports active cooling with mechanical coolers as well as adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. Sky observations from the second Sun–Earth Lagrangian point, L2, are planned for 3 years. An international collaboration between Japan, the USA, Canada, and Europe is sharing various roles. In May 2019, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, selected LiteBIRD as the strategic large mission No. 2.

Multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages are rare and varied in etiology. In the absence of known risk factors or obvious underlying disease, determining the cause may be problematic. We outline a diagnostic approach to multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhages in the context of three case studies. We conclude that when there are no apparent risk factors, neuroimaging and identification of underlying diseases are central to determining the cause of multiple simultaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

The Cold Spot is an anomalously cold region in the Cosmic Microwave Background (Vielva et al. 2004), either caused by a structure in the line of sight or could be of primordial origin. We search for a supervoid aligned with the Cold Spot region, filling the gap in redshift at z<0.3 which has never been explored in details. We find a large projected under density in the recently constructed WISE-2MASS catalogue, whose median redshift is z ≃ 0.14, with an angular size of 30 degrees. We show that a spherically symmetric Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) void model can simultaneously fit the δgal/b=δ2D≃ −0.12 underdensity in the WISE-2MASS catalogue, and the Cold Spot as observed by both the WMAP and Planck satellites. Such an LTB supervoid gives a plausible explanation of the Cold Spot anomaly, and is preferred over the null hypothesis or a texture model.

A bstract BabyIAXO is the intermediate stage of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO) to be hosted at DESY. Its primary goal is the detection of solar axions following the axion helioscope technique. Axions are converted into photons in a large magnet that is pointing to the sun. The resulting X-rays are focused by appropriate X-ray optics and detected by sensitive low-background detectors placed at the focal spot. The aim of this article is to provide an accurate quantitative description of the different components (such as the magnet, optics, and X-ray detectors) involved in the detection of axions. Our efforts have focused on developing robust and integrated software tools to model these helioscope components, enabling future assessments of modifications or upgrades to any part of the IAXO axion helioscope and evaluating the potential impact on the experiment’s sensitivity. In this manuscript, we demonstrate the application of these tools by presenting a precise signal calculation and response analysis of BabyIAXO’s sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling. Though focusing on the Primakoff solar flux component, our virtual helioscope model can be used to test different production mechanisms, allowing for direct comparisons within a unified framework.

LiteBIRD is a future satellite mission designed to observe the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation in order to probe the inflationary universe. LiteBIRD is set to observe the sky using three telescopes with transition-edge sensor bolometers. In this work we estimated the LiteBIRD instrumental sensitivity using its current design. We estimated the detector noise due to the optical loadings using physical optics and ray-tracing simulations. The noise terms associated with thermal carrier and readout noise were modeled in the detector noise calculation. We calculated the observational sensitivities over fifteen bands designed for the LiteBIRD telescopes using assumed observation time efficiency.

To correlate prognosis of hypoxic-ischemic white-matter injury with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a retrospective review at an urban medical center, three adult and three pediatric patients with predominant white-matter involvement caused by hypoxic- ischemic injury were evaluated over a 15-month period. Five patients with MRI-defined hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy had a favorable outcome, and one with associated diffusion-weighted abnormality of deep gray structures died. The prognosis of hypoxic-ischemic leukoencephalopathy is more favorable than previously reported, and diffusion-weighted imaging abnormality of deep gray structures was associated with a poor outcome.