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The widespread popularity of Pokémon GO presents the first opportunity to observe the geographic effects of location-based gaming at scale. This paper reports the results of a mixed methods study of the geography of Pokémon GO that includes a five-country field survey of 375 Pokémon GO players and a large scale geostatistical analysis of game elements. Focusing on the key geographic themes of places and movement, we find that the design of Pokémon GO reinforces existing geographically-linked biases (e.g. the game advantages urban areas and neighborhoods with smaller minority populations), that Pokémon GO may have instigated a relatively rare large-scale shift in global human mobility patterns, and that Pokémon GO has geographically-linked safety risks, but not those typically emphasized by the media. Our results point to geographic design implications for future systems in this space such as a means through which the geographic biases present in Pokémon GO may be counteracted.

Objectives/Goals: Medical therapies to halt progression of aortic stenosis (AS) are now being studied; however, the sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) measures to detect disease progression remain unclear. We will evaluate alternative TTE-derived measures of AS severity as potential markers of disease progression to improve trial efficiency. Methods/Study Population: We will conduct a retrospective cohort study of adults with mild or moderate aortic stenosis who had TTE imaging at Tufts Medical Center from 2012 to 2024. Two cohorts will be examined: 1) a reproducibility cohort of patients with studies less than 2 months apart to assess measurement consistency; and 2) a progression cohort with studies more than 6 months apart to evaluate disease progression over time. Echocardiographic parameters including peak velocity, mean pressure gradient, and aortic valve area will be used. We will use recurrent quantitative measurements to evaluate reproducibility, variability, and signal-to-noise characteristics and to model implications for efficient clinical trial design. Analysis will use RStudio. Results/Anticipated Results: Overall there are 2,668 patients with progressive AS. Median age at first TTE is 76 (68–83) years. 1,120 (42%) are female. The reproducibility cohort includes 991 patients (1,728 paired TTEs, median 10 days (0–16) apart), and the progression cohort includes 323 patients (323 paired TTEs, median 504 days (394–750) apart). Additional demographic and comorbidity data will be obtained. Recurrent measurements will quantify reproducibility, variability, and signal-to-noise characteristics. Anticipated results include 1) identification of the most reliable measures for tracking progression, 2) characterization of measurement variability, and 3) modeling of implications for efficient clinical trial design and evidence-based patient management. Discussion/Significance of Impact: Interest in therapies to halt aortic stenosis progression is growing. Establishing consensus on the most reproducible and practical imaging endpoints is essential. By quantifying real-world variability, we aim to optimize trial design so that effective treatments can be studied and improve outcomes.

The tissue distribution of CD4 lymphocytes in normal C57/BL mice and CD4 knockout mice was determined by biodistribution measurements and gamma camera imaging with an 111In-labeled rat IgG2b monoclonal antibody directed against the murine CD-4 antigen. In normal mice, high concentrations of antibody accumulated in the spleen and lymph nodes. At 45 hr after injection, the concentrations of radiolabel in the spleen and lymph nodes of normal mice were 10- to 20-fold greater than in the corresponding tissues of the CD4 knockout mice and nonlymphoid tissues of both types of mice. At 24 and 45 hr, gamma camera images showed high concentrations of radiolabeled antibody in lymph nodes and spleen of normal but not knockout mice. These results indicate that radioimmunoscintigraphy with 111In-anti-CD4 is an excellent method for studying tissue distribution of CD4 lymphocytes in mice. Using an equivalent anti-human CD4 antibody, this method might be useful for studying the pathophysiology of conditions in which these cells play a critical role and for monitoring therapies for these disorders.

In this work, the novel, open-source humanoid robot, PANDORA, is presented where a majority of the structural elements are manufactured using 3D-printed compliant materials. As opposed to contemporary approaches that incorporate the elastic element into the actuator mechanisms, PANDORA is designed to be compliant under load, or in other words, structurally elastic. This design approach lowers manufacturing cost and time, design complexity, and assembly time while introducing controls challenges in state estimation, joint and whole-body control. This work features an in-depth description on the mechanical and electrical subsystems including details regarding additive manufacturing benefits and drawbacks, usage and placement of sensors, and networking between devices. In addition, the design of structural elastic components and their effects on overall performance from an estimation and control perspective are discussed. Finally, results are presented which demonstrate the robot completing a robust balancing objective in the presence of disturbances and stepping behaviors.