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We propose a theory of the market as an \"intertemporal\" process that integrates multiple theoretical perspectives. Using event-history methods, we analyze the dissolution of interorganizational market ties between advertising agencies and their clients as a function of three forces-competition, power, and institutional forces. The informal \"rules of exchange\" institutionalized in the \"emergence\" phase of the advertising services market include exclusivity (sole-source) and loyalty (infrequent switching). We find that most exchange relationships between advertising agencies and their clients are indeed exclusive, and most last for several years; but competition, power, and institutional forces support or undermine these rules. Most institutional forces reduce the risk of dissolution of agency-client ties. Powerful advertising agencies mobilize resources to increase tie stability, but powerful clients mobilize resources to increase or decrease stability. Competition is the weakest market force, but it has a consistent and substantial effect on tie dissolution: Competition always increases the risk of dissolution. We conclude that the market is institutionalized as imperfectly repeated patterns of exchange, because competition and changing norms about the duration of market ties destabilize market relationships.

Cape Verde is an island group off the African coast with a history of slavery. Its residents having both European and African ancestors, they consider themselves a mixed-race people. Residents of the United States, however, observe the one-drop rule: anyone with a perceptible trace of African blood is defined as Black. This difference motivates us to ask: how do Cape Verdean Americans answer questions about their racial identity? Strict assimilationists predict that, as they adapt to their new home, Cape Verdeans will identify less as mixed-race than as White or Black. Others suggest that the quality of race relations at the time immigrants arrive affects their identity. We test these ideas using data from the 2000 US Census and the American Community Survey. Our multivariate analysis shows that some, but not all, forms of assimilation increase the odds of identifying as Black. The odds of identifying as White, on the other hand, have little to do with assimilation. The timing of arrival also has a significant effect on racial identity, with Black gaining popularity among recent immigrants.

We show how cartels rely on the adaptive social structure of committee meetings to ameliorate the competitive difficulties of markets. We distill the structure of the cartel committee and test hypotheses relating market structure to committee structure and ultimately to the efficacy of cartel price-fixing. Cartel continuity and the corporate authority of the cartel are strong predictors of cartel effectiveness. Cartel continuity is responsive to market conditions that favor cartel formation. Centralization of of cartel authority in decision making results in improved collusive pricing effectiveness. Centralization of cartel authority responds to expanding industry volume that bring about incentives to increase firm level market share at the expense of other cartel members. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] KEYWORDS: Networks, fraud, investments, diffusion.

Although homelessness has been recognized as a serious and growing urban social problem, scientifically acceptable methods for estimating the composition and size of the homeless population have been lacking. A new research approach to estimating the size and composition of undomiciled urban populations is presented, and its utility is illustrated through a description of the literal homeless of Chicago. The homeless in the Chicago sample are unaffiliated persons living in extreme poverty, with high levels of physical and mental disability. Homelessness is interpreted as a manifestation of extreme poverty among persons without families in housing markets with declining stocks of inexpensive dwelling units suitable for single persons.

Objective. This research examines the claim that states' newfound autonomy to devise their own welfare systems will lead to more intergenerational family dissolution. Critics of welfare reform argue that children residing in states with lower welfare benefits will be more at risk of living apart from parents, as some parents will lack sufficient income to raise children. Methods. Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation were analyzed employing a discrete-time hazard model. Results. The findings suggest that the risk of children living apart from parents was lower in states offering higher welfare benefits. Also, results indicate that the children at greatest risk of living apart from parents are those who are either newborns or teenagers, are white, or have parents with disabilities. Conclusions. Growing reluctance across all levels of government to provide income support for needy families may accelerate the upward trend in parent-child separation. Results further broaden the literature on household responses to economic setbacks by showing that economic deprivation leads single-parent families to reduce the number of coresident children.

A rejoinder to comments on their article (all, 2001) defends the hypothesis that states with low paying welfare benefits have higher rates of family dissolution. A response is offered to Rodgers's & Winkler's criticism that their findings are inconclusive because they ignore reasons for dissolution. It is argued that the Survey of Income & Program Participation (SIPP) provides a national portrait of the economic factors behind dissolution, & further studies using other data & methods to support findings are encouraged. 1 Table, 6 References. I. Sharp

The paper examines the role of adult siblings in caregiving for the severely mentally ill. Because people with a serious mental illness are rarely married and because they usually outlive their parents, the potential role of siblings in assuming caretaking responsibilities is critical for the success of community care. The paper tests several hypotheses relating perceived patient need, attitudes towards the ill sibling, adult role commitments, social networks, gender, and race to the extent of sibling involvement and assistance in caregiving. Data stem from 109 siblings named by patients released from mental hospitals and 24-hour crisis care facilities in Columbus, Cincinnati, and Toledo, Ohio. The results indicate that greater patient need, positive attitudes towards the ill sibling, and other role involvements are the major factors influencing sibling caregiving. Comparative analyses show that personal relationships and alternative role involvements are better predictors of sibling than of parental caregiving. The paper discusses some of the implications of these findings for the community care of disabled populations.

In this research we use 1990 PUMS data to compare the propensity for unions between African Americans and native whites with the propensity for unions between British West Indians and native whites. In addition, we distinguish women and men. Descriptive statistics indicate that West Indians, with the exception of men who arrived as adults, are more likely than African Americans to have white partners. After the introduction of controls for several correlates of intermarriage, however, West Indian men of any generation have lower exogamy rates than African American men, while exogamy rates are higher among West Indian women who arrived as children or who were born in the United States than among African American women. Thus we find no consistent evidence of greater exogamy for British West Indians than for African Americans.

Although Durkheim has been called the \"architect\" of the social constructionist approach to emotions, a careful review of his writings shows that he also accorded biologically constituted emotions a central place in his theory of social solidarity. Human society is created and renewed by the intense arousal that occurs in gatherings and assemblies. Mechanical solidarity is maintained by an instinctive emotional reaction (choler) to the violation of collective sentiments. The division of labor, however, leads to social construction of numerous and diverse emotions, apparently by directing or attaching primary emotions to social objects. Examples of social direction are given in Durkheim's analysis of the depression and anger that motivate suicide. In addition, the role of collective (rather than individual) interpretation in the social causation of emotions is stressed. The cult of the individual, an effect of the division of labor, accounts for the present need for the individual management of emotions.