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نابليون
يتناول كتاب (نابليون) والذي قام بتأليفه (هربرت فيشر) في حوالي (317) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (سيرة وحياة نابليون) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : الفصل الأول : نابليون في صباه، الفصل الثاني : الحملة الإيطالية، الفصل الثالث : مصر والشام، الفصل الرابع : تنظيم فرنسا، الفصل الخامس : مطامع الأمبراطورية، الفصل السادس : فتوح الأمبراطورية، الفصل السابع : خصائص الأمبراطورية، الفصل الثامن : الصدمة الأولى، الفصل التاسع : إنهيار البناء، الفصل العاشر : الدور الأخير.
Book
Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: a birth cohort study
Childhood psychotic symptoms have been used as a subclinical phenotype of schizophrenia in etiological research and as a target for preventative interventions. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the specificity of these symptoms for schizophrenia, suggesting alternative outcomes such as anxiety and depression. Using a prospective longitudinal birth cohort we investigated whether childhood psychotic symptoms predicted a diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychiatric disorders by 38 years of age.
Participants were drawn from a birth cohort of 1037 children from Dunedin, New Zealand, who were followed prospectively to 38 years of age (96% retention rate). Structured clinical interviews were administered at age 11 to assess psychotic symptoms and study members underwent psychiatric assessments at ages 18, 21, 26, 32 and 38 to obtain past-year DSM-III-R/IV diagnoses and self-reports of attempted suicides since adolescence.
Psychotic symptoms at age 11 predicted elevated rates of research diagnoses of schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and also suicide attempts by age 38, even when controlling for gender, social class and childhood psychopathology. No significant associations were found for persistent anxiety, persistent depression, mania or persistent substance dependence. Very few of the children presenting with age-11 psychotic symptoms were free from disorder by age 38.
Childhood psychotic symptoms were not specific to a diagnosis of schizophrenia in adulthood and thus future studies of early symptoms should be cautious in extrapolating findings only to this clinical disorder. However, these symptoms may be useful as a marker of adult mental health problems more broadly.
Journal Article
The impact of childhood adversity on the persistence of psychotic symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Evidence suggests that childhood adversity is associated with the development of psychotic experiences (PE), psychotic symptoms and disorders. However, less is known regarding the impact of early adversity on the persistence of PE and clinically relevant psychosis. Thus we conducted a systematic review of the association between childhood adversity and the course of PE and symptoms over time.
A systematic search of Medline, EMBASE and PsychINFO databases was undertaken to identify articles published between January 1956 and November 2014. We included studies conducted on general population samples, individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis, and patients with full-blown psychotic disorders. A meta-analysis was performed on a subgroup.
A total of 20 studies were included. Of these, 17 reported positive associations between exposure to overall or specific subtypes of childhood adversity and persistence of PE or clinically relevant psychotic symptoms. A meta-analysis of nine studies yielded a weighted odds ratio of 1.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-2.32, p < 0.001] for general population studies and 1.55 (95% CI 0.32-2.77, p = 0.007) for studies conducted using clinical populations.
The available evidence is limited but tentatively suggests that reported exposure to adverse events in childhood is associated with persistence of PE and clinically relevant psychotic symptoms. This partially strengthens the case for addressing the consequences of early adversity in individuals presenting with psychotic phenomena to improve long-term outcomes. However, the heterogeneity of studies was high which urges caution in interpreting the results and highlights the need for more methodologically robust studies.
Journal Article
تاريخ أوربا في العصر الحديث (1789-1950)
هذا الكتاب جعل المؤرخ بدايته تاريخ الثورة الفرنسية كأنما كانت من معالم الطريق إلى عالم جديد وجعل نهايته تاريخ أوروبا إلى قبيل الحرب العالمية الثانية وفي خلال ذلك المدى القريب أو البعيد، يتحدث المؤلف عن فرنسا وإنجلترا والوحدة الألمانية والوحدة الإيطالية واستعمار بريطانيا للهند وموقف أوروبا من الرقيق ومشكلات البلقان وأوروبا الشرقية ومعاهدات الصلح والحرب العالمية الأولى وتركيا في تطورها الأخير.
BOOK
Bullying in elementary school and psychotic experiences at 18 years: a longitudinal, population-based cohort study
Victims of bullying are at risk for psychotic experiences in early adolescence. It is unclear if this elevated risk extends into late adolescence. The aim of this study was to test whether bullying perpetration and victimization in elementary school predict psychotic experiences in late adolescence.
The current study is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a prospective community-based study. A total of 4720 subjects with bullying perpetration and victimization were repeatedly assessed between the ages of 8 and 11 years by child and mother reports. Suspected or definite psychotic experiences were assessed with the Psychosis-Like Symptoms semi-structured interview at age 18 years.
Controlling for child's gender, intelligence quotient at age 8 years, childhood behavioural and emotional problems, and also depression symptoms and psychotic experiences in early adolescence, victims [child report at 10 years: odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-3.4; mother report: OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3], bully/victims (child report at 10 years: OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.7-5.8; mother: OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.7-5.0) and bullies (child report at 10 years: OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.3-17.7; mother: OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.46-3.1, n.s.) had a higher prevalence of psychotic experiences at age 18 years. Path analysis revealed that the association between peer victimization in childhood and psychotic experiences at age 18 years was only partially mediated by psychotic or depression symptoms in early adolescence.
Involvement in bullying, whether as victim, bully/victim or bully, may increase the risk of developing psychotic experiences in adolescence. Health professionals should ask routinely during consultations with children about their bullying of and by peers.
Journal Article
أصول التاريخ الأوربي الحديث من النهضة الأوربية إلى الثورة الفرنسية
أخيرا نقدم لقراء العربية ما تبقى من ترجمة كتاب تاريخ أوروبا لهربرت فيشر فقد سبق أن ظهرت ترجمة لكل عصر من عصور التاريخ الأوروبي العام وهذه الترجمة تتناول الفترة الواقعة ما بين نهاية العصور الوسطى والثورة الفرنسية وهي الفترة التي يطلق عليها الأستاذ فيشر اسم عصر النهضة والإصلاح الديني والاحتكام إلى العقل أما نحن فقد شئنا أن نطلق عليها أسم أصول التاريخ الأوربي الحديث من النهضة الأوروبية إلى الثورة الفرنسية.
BOOK
Childhood trauma and schizotypy: a systematic literature review
Schizotypy is a complex concept, commonly defined as a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia that falls on a continuum between healthy variation and severe mental illness. There is a growing body of evidence supporting an association between childhood trauma and increased psychotic experiences and disorders. However, the evidence as to whether there is a similar association with schizotypy has yet to be systematically synthesized and assessed.
We conducted a systematic search of published articles on the association between childhood trauma and schizotypy in four major databases. The search covered articles from 1806 to 1 March 2013 and resulted in 17,003 articles in total. Twenty-five original research studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review.
All 25 studies supported the association between at least one type of trauma and schizotypy, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging between 2.01 and 4.15. There was evidence supporting the association for all types of trauma, with no differential effects. However, there was some variability in the quality of the studies, with most using cross-sectional designs. Individuals who reported adverse experiences in childhood scored significantly higher on positive and negative/disorganized schizotypy compared to those who did not report such experiences.
All forms of childhood trauma and other stressful events (e.g. bullying) were found to be associated with schizotypy, with especially strong associations with positive schizotypy. However, because of the methodological limitations of several studies and a lack of further exploration of different possible mechanistic pathways underlying this association, more research is required.
Journal Article
Association between genetic and socioenvironmental risk for schizophrenia during upbringing in a UK longitudinal cohort
Associations of socioenvironmental features like urbanicity and neighborhood deprivation with psychosis are well-established. An enduring question, however, is whether these associations are causal. Genetic confounding could occur due to downward mobility of individuals at high genetic risk for psychiatric problems into disadvantaged environments.
We examined correlations of five indices of genetic risk [polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia and depression, maternal psychotic symptoms, family psychiatric history, and zygosity-based latent genetic risk] with multiple area-, neighborhood-, and family-level risks during upbringing. Data were from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative cohort of 2232 British twins born in 1994-1995 and followed to age 18 (93% retention). Socioenvironmental risks included urbanicity, air pollution, neighborhood deprivation, neighborhood crime, neighborhood disorder, social cohesion, residential mobility, family poverty, and a cumulative environmental risk scale. At age 18, participants were privately interviewed about psychotic experiences.
Higher genetic risk on all indices was associated with riskier environments during upbringing. For example, participants with higher schizophrenia PRS (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.06-1.33), depression PRS (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.08-1.34), family history (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11-1.40), and latent genetic risk (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.07-1.38) had accumulated more socioenvironmental risks for schizophrenia by age 18. However, associations between socioenvironmental risks and psychotic experiences mostly remained significant after covariate adjustment for genetic risk.
Genetic risk is correlated with socioenvironmental risk for schizophrenia during upbringing, but the associations between socioenvironmental risk and adolescent psychotic experiences appear, at present, to exist above and beyond this gene-environment correlation.
Journal Article
Childhood sleep disturbance and risk of psychotic experiences at 18: UK birth cohort
Sleep disturbances are commonly reported in the psychosis prodrome, but rarely explored in relation to psychotic experiences.
To investigate the relationship between specific parasomnias (nightmares, night terrors and sleepwalking) in childhood and later adolescent psychotic experiences.
The sample comprised 4720 individuals from a UK birth cohort. Mothers reported on children's experience of regular nightmares at several time points between 2 and 9 years. Experience of nightmares, night terrors and sleepwalking was assessed using a semi-structured interview at age 12. Psychotic experiences were assessed at ages 12 and 18 using a semi-structured clinical interview.
There was a significant association between the presence of nightmares at 12 and psychotic experiences at 18 when adjusted for possible confounders and psychotic experiences at 12 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.19-2.20). The odds ratios were larger for those who reported persistent psychotic experiences.
The presence of nightmares might be an early risk indicator for psychosis.
Journal Article