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Research has demonstrated that first responders may develop psychological trauma/ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the performance of their duties. Often overlooked in these studies of police, firefighters, and paramedics is an additional group of providers who also respond to these same events: news journalists and photo journalists. Although limited in scope, the research literature from 1980 to 2010 assessed an association between PTSD and some news journalists. The strength of these findings are limited due to serious methodological limitations. The present paper reviewed the journalist/PTSD literature from 2011 to 2020. There were 4558 subjects in 23 studies, which were world-wide in scope. There were 2633 male reporters (58%) and 1925 female journalists (42%). The average age of subjects was 34.37 years and the average length of experience was 10.68 years. Many reported either PTSD, PTSD symptoms, depression, and/or substance use. A detailed methodological critique is presented.

Although not widely known, public works employees in the United States were designated as emergency providers during critical incidents in 2003 and have provided these public works services, when activated. These public works employees may be either employees of a specific government entity or, more recently, privately contracted employees who provide similar services for a government entity. First responders working critical incidents are at risk for psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is less clear, however, whether government/contracted public works employees working the same critical incidents are subject to the same risk of onset. This paper reviewed 24 empirical studies assessing this possible association from 1980 to 2020. These studies included 94,302 government/contracted employees. Psychological trauma/PTSD was reported in all 24 manuscripts assessing PTSD. Three of these studies additionally reporting serious somatic health problems. Public works employees are at risk for onset and this is a worldwide issue. Study findings and treatment implications are presented.

The Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP) is a voluntary, system-wide, peer-help, crisis intervention program to address the psychological sequellae in staff victims of patient assaults. Its functions and service provisions have been reported in previous five-year intervals. ASAP has been associated with providing quality counseling services to employee victims of these patient assaults as well as declines in assaults facility-wide in some agencies after an ASAP team was fielded. The present paper presents a summary of both its most recent five-year interval (2015–2020) and an overview of its 30 years of service during which it has responded to 10,651 patient assaults on staff.

Responding to critical incidents may result in 5.9–22 % of first responders developing psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. These impacts may be physical, mental, and/or behavioral. This population remains at risk, given the daily occurrence of critical incidents. Current treatments, primarily focused on combat and rape victims, have included single and double interventions, which have proven helpful to some but not all victims and one standard of care has remained elusive. However, even though the need is established, research on the treatment interventions of first responders has been limited. Given the multiplicity of impacts from psychological trauma and the inadequacies of responder treatment intervention research thus far, this paper proposes a paradigmatic shift from single/double treatment interventions to a multi-modal approach to first responder victim needs. A conceptual framework based on psychological trauma is presented and possible multi-modal interventions selected from the limited, extant first responder research are utilized to illustrate how the approach would work and to encourage clinical and experimental research into first responder treatment needs.

Experimental studies have documented the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in first responders. These studies have routinely included police, firefighters, and paramedics. However, there is another group of first responders that are at risk for PTSD but that has received less research attention. This group is comprised of coroners. This paper reviewed the published data concerning coroners and PTSD and outlined various treatments for addressing coronial PTSD. The findings, the differing treatments, and a detailed methodological inquiry are presented. The need for a conceptual framework for the various other professional groups responding to critical incidents and a crisis intervention approach to address the psychological needs of both family survivors and coronial personnel are noted.

The medical community and the general public are aware of sudden deaths in apparently healthy infants (SIDS) and in cases of cardiac arrest (SCD). However, there is a third, less-well known, form of sudden death that occurs in persons with epilepsy (SUDEP). This paper provides a detailed overview what is known about SUDEP, including the current important, unresolved issues being considered in the field (research, education, informed consent). This paper also includes an overview of the grieving process common to all three conditions. Again, the current issues being considered in the field of grieving are presented (major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder). It is written for physicians, including psychiatrists, and for the health community beyond neurologists and serves as a provider resource for persons with epilepsy, their families, and for the general public. This information about SUDEP and grief becomes also additionally important as national health care moves toward an interdisciplinary primary care model of service delivery.

Research has demonstrated that first responders may develop psychological trauma/ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the performance of their duties. Often overlooked in these studies of police, firefighters, and paramedics is an additional group of providers in this health care delivery system: the trauma surgeons, who receive the victims transported by the first responders. Although limited in scope, the research literature does identify the presence of PTSD in trauma surgeons. These studies have repeatedly cited the need for further information about psychological trauma for trauma surgeons. This paper addresses that need with a brief overview of psychological trauma, where surgeons may encounter victims, and how to cope with its aftermath.

Since the 1960s, empirical research has worked toward a better understanding of the characteristics of assaultive psychiatric patients. International research through 2012 indicated that male and female patients with schizophrenia and other diagnoses presented the greatest risk for assault. This present review of studies that presented raw assault sought to assess the latest research findings on assaultive patients for the most recent 5 year period, 2013–2017. It was hypothesized that male patients with schizophrenia would present the greatest risk. The findings indicated a sharp increase in the total number of reported assault incidents over the proceeding decade. These assaults were committed largely by male patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Explanations for these findings and an updated methodological inquiry are presented.

Psychiatric patient assaults on staff are a worldwide occupational hazard for health care staff that results in human suffering and dollar cost expense. International research through 2012 documented the frequency of these assaults and a continuing high risk for nursing personnel. This present paper reviewed the international published literature on staff victims of patient assaults during the next five year period of 2013–2017. The findings indicate that assaults on staff remain a serious worldwide issue as it has been since the 1990s, even with new policy initiatives in place meant to reduce such violence. Nursing personnel continued to be at greater risk. The findings by continents and an updated methodological inquiry are presented.

The Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP) is a voluntary, system-wide, peer-help, crisis intervention program to address the psychological sequelae in staff victims of patient assaults. It has been associated with cost-effective, quality support services to staff victims of patient assaults and declines in assaults facility-wide in several facilities, after an ASAP was fielded. ASAP’s functions and service provisions have been reported in previous 5-year intervals. The present paper reports on its most recent 5-year interval as ASAP complete its 25th year of service. The 5-year summary and the basic strengths and limitations of the program over this 25 year period are examined.