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"Fons, Christopher A"
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It doesn't grow on trees : sources of income
Readers learn about making, saving, and borrowing money in this illuminating guide for young people on how to manage the money they earn. Helpful examples get readers thinking about how they plan to earn income in the future. Clear text helps them understand relevant concepts such as income tax, interest, and the positive and negative effects of making investments and borrowing money for large purchases.
Book
Civics for Non-Citizens
This article attempts to contribute to the growing scholarly conversation at the nexus of immigration, citizenship, and civics education. This paper seeks to shed light on what is taught about undocumented immigrants by starting with civics class, where concepts such as the rights of citizens and immigrants are traditionally taught. Specifically, the paper analyzes civics textbooks, a cornerstone of the formal civics curriculum. Utilizing a theoretical framework of Critical Human Rights Education, this content analysis investigates how civics textbooks adopted in one midwestern state portray undocumented immigrants. Key findings suggest that civics textbooks assume all students are citizens, that it is easy to become a citizen, and that undocumented immigrants are problems. Further, by assuming that all students are citizens, and enjoy rights such as voting, civics textbooks render undocumented students invisible. The article concludes with implications and recommendations for teachers and teacher education programs.
Journal Article
Civics for Non-Citizens: The Invisibility of Undocumented Immigrants in Civics Textbooks
This article attempts to contribute to the growing scholarly conversation at the nexus of immigration, citizenship, and civics education. This paper seeks to shed light on what is taught about undocumented immigrants by starting with civics class, where concepts such as the rights of citizens and immigrants are traditionally taught. Specifically, the paper analyzes civics textbooks, a cornerstone of the formal civics curriculum. Utilizing a theoretical framework of Critical Human Rights Education, this content analysis investigates how civics textbooks adopted in one midwestern state portray undocumented immigrants. Key findings suggest that civics textbooks assume all students are citizens, that it is easy to become a citizen, and that undocumented immigrants are problems. Further, by assuming that all students are citizens, and enjoy rights such as voting, civics textbooks render undocumented students invisible. The article concludes with implications and recommendations for teachers and teacher education programs.
Journal Article
Snow Loss Into Leads in Arctic Sea Ice: Minimal in Typical Wintertime Conditions, but High During a Warm and Windy Snowfall Event
The amount of snow on Arctic sea ice impacts the ice mass budget. Wind redistribution of snow into open water in leads is hypothesized to cause significant wintertime snow loss. However, there are no direct measurements of snow loss into Arctic leads. We measured the snow lost in four leads in the Central Arctic in winter 2020. We find, contrary to expectations, that under typical winter conditions, minimal snow was lost into leads. However, during a cyclone that delivered warm air temperatures, high winds, and snowfall, 35.0 ± 1.1 cm snow water equivalent (SWE) was lost into a lead (per unit lead area). This corresponded to a removal of 0.7–1.1 cm SWE from the entire surface—∼6%–10% of this site's annual snow precipitation. Warm air temperatures, which increase the length of time that wintertime leads remain unfrozen, may be an underappreciated factor in snow loss into leads. Plain Language Summary The amount of snow on Arctic sea ice impacts how quickly the ice grows in the winter and melts in the summer. Cracks in the ice, known as leads, expose ocean water that snow can be blown into, reducing the amount of snow on the ice and thus impacting ice growth and melt. We found that in typical wintertime conditions, very little snow is blown into leads. However, if there is fresh snowfall, it is uncommonly warm and it is very windy at the same time when leads are forming, a large amount of snow can be blown into the ocean. Accounting for the impacts of air temperature on this process will enable scientists to better understand how much snow is on Arctic sea ice, and hence how quickly the ice grows in the winter and melts in the summer, and how this might change in a future, warmer, Arctic. Key Points Minimal snow was lost into leads in observations of three cases in typical wintertime, cold, moderately windy conditions on Arctic sea ice In an atmospheric advection event with air temperature above −10°C, high wind, and fresh snowfall, most recent snowfall was lost into leads Warm air temperatures increase the duration of unfrozen water in leads, which may be an underappreciated factor in snow loss into leads
Journal Article
An integrated framework of plant form and function: The belowground perspective
Plant trait variation drives plant function, community composition, and ecosystem processes. However, our current understanding of trait variation disproportionately relies on aboveground observations. Here we integrate root traits into the global framework of plant form and function. We developed and tested an overarching conceptual framework that integrates two recently identified root trait gradients with a well-established aboveground plant trait framework. We confronted our novel framework with published relationships between above- and belowground trait analogues and with multivariate analyses of aboveground and belowground traits of 2510 species. Our traits represent the leaf- and root conservation gradients (specific leaf area, leaf and root nitrogen concentration and root tissue density), the root collaboration gradient (root diameter and specific root length), and the plant size gradient (plant height and rooting depth). We found that an integrated, whole-plant trait space required as much as four axes. The two main axes represented the fast-slow ‘conservation’ gradient on which leaf and fine-root traits were well aligned, and the ‘collaboration’ gradient in roots. The two additional axes were separate, orthogonal plant size axes for height and rooting depth. This perspective on the multi-dimensional nature of plant trait variation better encompasses plant function and influence on the surrounding environment.
Journal Article
A genome-wide metabolomic resource for tomato fruit from Solanum pennellii
Tomato and its processed products are one of the most widely consumed fruits. Its domestication, however, has resulted in the loss of some 95% of the genetic and chemical diversity of wild relatives. In order to elucidate this diversity, exploit its potential for plant breeding, as well as understand its biological significance, analytical approaches have been developed, alongside the production of genetic crosses of wild relatives with commercial varieties. In this article, we describe a multi-platform metabolomic analysis, using NMR, mass spectrometry and HPLC, of introgression lines of
Solanum pennellii
with a domesticated line in order to analyse and quantify alleles (QTL) responsible for metabolic traits. We have identified QTL for health-related antioxidant carotenoids and tocopherols, as well as molecular signatures for some 2000 compounds. Correlation analyses have revealed intricate interactions in isoprenoid formation in the plastid that can be extrapolated to other crop plants.
Journal Article
Temporal evolution of under-ice meltwater layers and false bottoms and their impact on summer Arctic sea ice mass balance
Low-salinity meltwater from Arctic sea ice and its snow cover accumulates and creates under-ice meltwater layers below sea ice. These meltwater layers can result in the formation of new ice layers, or false bottoms, at the interface of this low-salinity meltwater and colder seawater. As part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), we used a combination of sea ice coring, temperature profiles from thermistor strings and underwater multibeam sonar surveys with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to study the areal coverage and temporal evolution of under-ice meltwater layers and false bottoms during the summer melt season from mid-June until late July. ROV surveys indicated that the areal coverage of false bottoms for a part of the MOSAiC Central Observatory (350 by 200 m2) was 21%. Presence of false bottoms reduced bottom ice melt by 7–8% due to the local decrease in the ocean heat flux, which can be described by a thermodynamic model. Under-ice meltwater layer thickness was larger below first-year ice and thinner below thicker second-year ice. We also found that thick ice and ridge keels confined the areas in which under-ice meltwater accumulated, preventing its mixing with underlying seawater. While a thermodynamic model could reproduce false bottom growth and melt, it could not describe the observed bottom melt rates of the ice above false bottoms. We also show that the evolution of under-ice meltwater-layer salinity below first-year ice is linked to brine flushing from the above sea ice and accumulating in the meltwater layer above the false bottom. The results of this study aid in estimating the contribution of under-ice meltwater layers and false bottoms to the mass balance and salt budget for Arctic summer sea ice.
Journal Article
Exon Expression Arrays as a Tool to Identify New Cancer Genes
Identification of genes that are causally implicated in oncogenesis is a major goal in cancer research. An estimated 10-20% of cancer-related gene mutations result in skipping of one or more exons in the encoded transcripts. Here we report on a strategy to screen in a global fashion for such exon-skipping events using PAttern based Correlation (PAC). The PAC algorithm has been used previously to identify differentially expressed splice variants between two predefined subgroups. As genetic changes in cancer are sample specific, we tested the ability of PAC to identify aberrantly expressed exons in single samples.
As a proof-of-principle, we tested the PAC strategy on human cancer samples of which the complete coding sequence of eight cancer genes had been screened for mutations. PAC detected all seven exon-skipping mutants among 12 cancer cell lines. PAC also identified exon-skipping mutants in clinical cancer specimens although detection was compromised due to heterogeneous (wild-type) transcript expression. PAC reduced the number of candidate genes/exons for subsequent mutational analysis by two to three orders of magnitude and had a substantial true positive rate. Importantly, of 112 randomly selected outlier exons, sequence analysis identified two novel exon skipping events, two novel base changes and 21 previously reported base changes (SNPs).
The ability of PAC to enrich for mutated transcripts and to identify known and novel genetic changes confirms its suitability as a strategy to identify candidate cancer genes.
Journal Article
Assessment of ICESat-2 sea ice surface classification with Sentinel-2 imagery: implications for freeboard and new estimates of lead and floe geometry
NASA's Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission launched in September 2018 and is now providing high-resolution surface elevation profiling across the entire globe, including the sea ice cover of the Arctic and Southern Oceans. For sea ice applications, successfully discriminating returns between sea ice and open water is key for accurately determining freeboard, the extension of sea ice above local sea level, and new information regarding the geometry of sea ice floes and leads. We take advantage of near-coincident optical imagery obtained from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2 (S-2) satellite over the Western Weddell Sea of the Southern Ocean in March 2019 and the Lincoln Sea of the Arctic Ocean in May 2019 to evaluate the surface classification scheme in the ICESat-2 ATL07 and ATL10 sea ice products. We find a high level of agreement between the ATL07 (specular) lead classification and visible leads in the S-2 imagery in these two scenes across all six ICESat-2 beams, increasing our confidence in the freeboard products and deriving new estimates of the sea ice state. The S-2 overlays provide additional evidence of the misclassification of dark leads, which are no longer used to derive sea surface in the third release (r003) ICESat-2 sea ice products. We show estimates of lead fraction and more preliminary estimates of chord length (a proxy for floe size) using two metrics for classifying sea surface (lead) segments across both the Arctic and Southern Ocean for the first winter season of data collection.
Paper
