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IntroductionAlthough the issue of climate change usually brings thoughts of environmental impact and physical health concerns to our consciousness, climate change also affects people’s mental health. Nowadays there is an emerging condition about climate change anxiety (CCA), defined as negative responses associated with global warming, with apprehension and stress related to the anticipation of threats to the ecosystem and our species. It may include cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses, for example, persistent worries, psychological distress, or sleep difficulties related to long-term consequences of climate change, and can result in functional impairment.ObjectivesA literature review to analyse the evidence, to be aware of individuals overconcerned about global warming, bring awereness and promote an appropriate seek of professional help when neededMethodsUsing the Medline database through the Pubmed search engine was used, with the keywords: “climate change anxiety”, “eco-anxiety”.ResultsDespite the lack of studies, CCA affects a substantial proportion, especially the younger population, aged from 16 to 25 years old worldwide. As a result of ecoanxiety, people are becoming anxious about their future and the future of the planet as we currently know it, the terrifying and at some extent uncertainty of it. It is documented the importance of green and blue spaces (water places) specially in urban areas for mental wellbeing – as our environment is quickly changing with the global warming, the reduction/disappearing of these areas are ongoing; besides this direct consequence, the disruption of these places results in feelings of loss due to changes to personally significant places a phenomenon known as ‘ecological grief’. Additionally, the occurrence of natural disasters like heatwaves, hurricanes, flooding, wildfire, and drought, raising concern and the socially-mediated impacts of forced migration and conflict caused by it. Self-reported presentations may include panic attacks, insomnia, obsessive thinking, and/or appetite changes caused by environmental concerns. If prolonged symptoms, depressive, anxious disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, among others can develop.ConclusionsTo reduce eco-anxiety individuals can take steps to reduce their carbon footprint, engage in activism and advocacy, bringing more awareness to the subjects and thus taking measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and protect the environment. It’s equal important to consider and address the mental health impacts of climate change, this additionally includes providing adequate emotional and psychological support to those affected.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

IntroductionBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), relatively common psychiatric pathologies (5% and 1-2% respectively), share several characteristics, specially impulsivity and emotional dysregulation. With different therapeutic approaches, it is therefore important to distinguish the entities for a correct approach to the patient. Clinical evidence has also demonstrated high comorbidity between two entities, and therefore this recognition is of equal relevance.ObjectivesAnalyze the clinical evidence, in order to better understand the dynamics between the two pathologies as comorbid or differential diagnosis, for an appropriate approach to the patient.MethodsAuthors used the Medline database through the Pubmed search engine, with the keywords: “PBP”, “PHDA”.ResultsThese two pathologies share impulsive and spontaneous actions with poor thinking about the consequences; nonetheless, ADHD individuals tend to show this impulsivity by being more impatiente when they have to wait, talking over other people, interrupting others; on the contrary, in BPD impulsivity can be showed more as self-harm behaviors.As for the emotional dysregulation, that both entities share, in the comorbid case it is known that it is the most severe form. This characteristic is part of the central characteristics of BPD where these individuals experience intense and unstable emotions. They have difficulty regulating their emotions which can lead to rapid changes in mood, and they report feelings of emotional emptiness and difficulty in establishing stable relationships. As for ADHD individuals, despite present, it’s not a core symptom, as they have more control over their emotions, and have more adaptative cognitive strategies.Attention deficit can be a core symptom of a subtype of ADHD and has not yet been reported in patients with PBP, except in comorbid situations. According to studies, 30-60% of patients with PBP report and score on attention deficit scales. Truth is both entities have intelectual disfunctionalities.Results of genetic studies are very inconsistent, however epigenetic research and reseach focusing on hypothetized vulnerability genes or sites have been promising.ConclusionsA complete clinical history is particularly important in these cases and sometimes difficult, as so, clinicians should be aware to prevent misdiagnosis and provide the best care for both disorders and the comorbidity. Given that treatment differs between both pathologies, psychotherapy in BPD, and the multimodal approach in ADHD, it is imperative to distinguish the two entities. In comorbid cases, a combination of the two therapies has demonstrated effectiveness but much more studies are needed.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

IntroductionSleep related disorders affect around 30% of people all over the world, and evidence shows that 10% require therapeutic intervention. Insomnia represents the most common disturbance of sleep, defined as the experience of poor sleep for at least 1 month. Most of primary insomnia can be prevented by a proper lifestyle and sleep hygiene rules. Regardless, hypnotic drugs and widely prescribed, and most times, long-term used, which is not recommended because of its negative side effects.ObjectivesReview the scientific evidence about effectiveness of plant extracts for insomnia, natural products with practically no side-effects, and thus be possible to reduce or even avoid the use of hypnotic drugs.MethodsThe Medline database through the Pubmed search engine was used with the following keywords: “insomnia” and “herbal compounds”.ResultsValerian activity on sleep disturbances has been attributed to the presence of isovaleric acids and valepotriates with reported calming action and GABA reuptake inhibition with sedative effects. Considering the data presented in the literature, despite controversial and conflicting, several studies showed that valerian (160-600mg/day) improved sleep quality and reduced sleep latency and duration; also valerian seems more effective for chronic insomnia than acute episodes.Hop has different properties: calming, sleep inducing, gastric secretion stimulating and spasmolytic.Increasing GABAergic activity seems to be the main mechanism of action, thus inhibiting the central nervous system and also has demonstrated binding affinities to some of the melatonin and serotonin receptor. It’s sedative characteristics have been confirmed in a clinical trial in association with valerian, where sleep latency and quality were improved. However, monotherapy studies showed no relevant effectiveness in sleep.Kava Kava plant showed promising results, in rats and humans, with decrease sleep latency, better sleep quality and recuperation after sleep. However, raised concern about its potential of hepatotoxicity.There is also promising evidence of the lavender efficacy for sleep disorders in a wide variety of populations and diseases, it was actually mentioned to be as effective as lorazepam in adults with anxiety and sleeping problems. With studies with dose of 80mg it was observed a reduction in sleep awakenings, sleep duration and overall sleep quality and anxiety.ConclusionsThere is a clear preference from the patient to natural compounds, and with almost nonexistent side effects, some herbal derivates are showed to have positive effectiveness in mild insomnia, but nonetheless much more studies on this field are needed.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Twisted Laguerre–Gaussian lasers, with orbital angular momentum and characterized by doughnut-shaped intensity profiles, provide a transformative set of tools and research directions in a growing range of fields and applications, from super-resolution microcopy and ultra-fast optical communications to quantum computing and astrophysics. The impact of twisted light is widening as recent numerical calculations provided solutions to long-standing challenges in plasma-based acceleration by allowing for high-gradient positron acceleration. The production of ultra-high-intensity twisted laser pulses could then also have a broad influence on relativistic laser–matter interactions. Here we show theoretically and with ab initio three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations that stimulated Raman backscattering can generate and amplify twisted lasers to petawatt intensities in plasmas. This work may open new research directions in nonlinear optics and high–energy-density science, compact plasma-based accelerators and light sources. High intensity light with a non-zero orbital angular momentum could aid the development of laser-wakefield particle accelerators. Here, the authors theoretically show that stimulated Raman backscattering in plasmas can generate and amplify orbital angular momentum lasers to petawatt intensities.

The self-consistent modeling of vacuum polarization due to virtual electron-positron fluctuations is of relevance for many near term experiments associated with high intensity radiation sources and represents a milestone in describing scenarios of extreme energy density. We present a generalized finite-difference time-domain solver that can incorporate the modifications to Maxwell’s equations due to vacuum polarization. Our multidimensional solver reproduced in one-dimensional configurations the results for which an analytic treatment is possible, yielding vacuum harmonic generation and birefringence. The solver has also been tested for two-dimensional scenarios where finite laser beam spot sizes must be taken into account. We employ this solver to explore different types of laser configurations that can be relevant for future planned experiments aiming to detect quantum vacuum dynamics at ultra-high electromagnetic field intensities.

Immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a complex and extremely variable process. The Ikaros transcription factor plays an important role in hematopoiesis in several cell lines, especially in the lymphoid lineage. We hypothesized that Ikaros might influence immune reconstitution, and consequently, the risk of opportunistic infections, relapse, and graft versus host disease (GVHD). Samples were collected from the graft and from the peripheral blood (PB) of the recipients 3 weeks after neutrophil recovery. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to analyze the absolute and relative Ikaros expression. Patients were divided into two groups, according to Ikaros expression in the graft and in the recipients’ PB based on the ROC curves for moderate/severe cGVHD. A cutoff of 1.48 was used for Ikaros expression in the graft, and a cutoff of 0.79 was used for Ikaros expression in the recipients’ PB. Sixty-six patients were included in this study. Median age of patients was 52 years (range 16–80 years), 55% of them were male, and 58% of them had acute leukemia. Median follow-up period was 18 months (range 10–43 months). There was no association between Ikaros expression and the risk of acute GVHD, relapse, or mortality. However, a significant association was observed with the risk of chronic GVHD. Higher Ikaros expression in the graft was associated with a significantly higher cumulative incidence (CI) of moderate/severe chronic GVHD according to the National Institute of Health (NIH) classification at two years (54% vs. 15% for patients with lower expression, P = 0.03). A higher Ikaros expression in the recipients’ PB 3 weeks after engraftment was also associated with a significantly higher risk of moderate/severe chronic GVHD (65% vs. 11%, respectively, P = 0.005). In conclusion, Ikaros expression in the graft and in the recipients’ PB after transplantation was associated with a higher risk of moderate/severe chronic GVHD. Ikaros expression should be evaluated in larger prospective trials as a potential biomarker for chronic GVHD.

Collisionless shocks are pervasive in astrophysics and they are critical to understand cosmic ray acceleration. Laboratory experiments with intense lasers are now opening the way to explore and characterise the underlying microphysics, which determine the acceleration process of collisionless shocks. We determine the shock character – electrostatic or electromagnetic – based on the stability of electrostatic shocks to transverse electromagnetic fluctuations as a function of the electron temperature and flow velocity of the plasma components and we compare the analytical model with particle-in-cell simulations. By making the connection with the laser parameters driving the plasma flows, we demonstrate that shocks with different and distinct underlying microphysics can be explored in the laboratory with state-of-the-art laser systems.

The collision of ultrashort high-densitye−ore−ande+beams at 10s of GeV, to be available at the FACET II and in laser wakefield accelerator experiments, can produce highly collimatedγrays (few GeVs) with peak brilliance of1027ph/smm2mrad20.1%BWand up to105nonlinear Breit-Wheeler pairs. We provide analytical estimates of the photon source properties and of the yield of secondary pairs, finding excellent agreement with full-scale 3D self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations that include quantum electrodynamics effects. Our results show that beam-beam collisions can be exploited as secondary sources ofγrays and provide an alternative to beam-laser setups to probe quantum electrodynamics effects at the Schwinger limit.

Strong shear flow regions found in astrophysical jets are shown to be important dissipation regions, where the shear flow kinetic energy flow is converted into electric and magnetic field energy via shear instabilities. The emergence of these self-consistent fields makes shear flows significant sites for radiation emission and particle acceleration. We focus on electron-scale instabilities, namely the collisionless, unmagnetized electron-scale Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (ESKHI) and a large-scale DC magnetic field generation mechanism on the electron scales. We show that these processes are important candidates to generate magnetic fields in the presence of strong velocity shears, which may naturally originate in energetic matter outbursts of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursters. We show that the ESKHI is robust to density jumps between shearing flows, thus operating in various scenarios with different density contrasts. Multidimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the ESKHI, performed with OSIRIS, reveal the emergence of a strong and large-scale DC magnetic field component, which is not captured by the standard linear fluid theory. This DC component arises from kinetic effects associated with the thermal expansion of electrons of one flow into the other across the shear layer, whilst ions remain unperturbed due to their inertia. The electron expansion forms DC current sheets, which induce a DC magnetic field. Our results indicate that most of the electromagnetic energy developed in the ESKHI is stored in the DC component, reaching values of equipartition on the order of in the electron time-scale, and persists longer than the proton time-scale. Particle scattering/acceleration in the self-generated fields of these shear flow instabilities is also analyzed.

The spatial-temporal evolution of the purely transverse current filamentation instability is analyzed by deriving a single partial differential equation for the instability and obtaining the analytical solutions for the spatially and temporally growing current filament mode. When the beam front always encounters fresh plasma, our analysis shows that the instability grows spatially from the beam front to the back up to a certain critical beam length; then the instability acquires a purely temporal growth. This critical beam length increases linearly with time and in the non-relativistic regime it is proportional to the beam velocity. In the relativistic regime the critical length is inversely proportional to the cube of the beam Lorentz factor . Thus, in the ultra-relativistic regime the instability immediately acquires a purely temporal growth all over the beam. The analytical results are in good agreement with multidimensional particle-in-cell simulations performed with OSIRIS. Relevance of the current study to recent and future experiments on fireball beams is also addressed.