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Explore everything there is to know about sharks and discover the mysteries of the deep with DK findout! Sharks. See a shark's skeleton, figure out exactly what electroreception is, match the eggs to the type of shark, and take a bite out of their different diets. Compare different ocean habitats, body sizes, tails, senses, and more. You can even read an interview with a shark expert, and learn how to help conserve the oceans to protect sharks in danger.

The rapid expansion of human activities threatens ocean-wide biodiversity. Numerous marine animal populations have declined, yet it remains unclear whether these trends are symptomatic of a chronic accumulation of global marine extinction risk. We present the first systematic analysis of threat for a globally distributed lineage of 1,041 chondrichthyan fishes—sharks, rays, and chimaeras. We estimate that one-quarter are threatened according to IUCN Red List criteria due to overfishing (targeted and incidental). Large-bodied, shallow-water species are at greatest risk and five out of the seven most threatened families are rays. Overall chondrichthyan extinction risk is substantially higher than for most other vertebrates, and only one-third of species are considered safe. Population depletion has occurred throughout the world’s ice-free waters, but is particularly prevalent in the Indo-Pacific Biodiversity Triangle and Mediterranean Sea. Improved management of fisheries and trade is urgently needed to avoid extinctions and promote population recovery. Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from overfishing, climate change, habitat destruction and pollution. These pressures have led to documented declines of some fishes in some places, such as those living in coral reefs and on the high seas. However, it is not clear whether these population declines are isolated one-off examples or, instead, if they are sufficiently widespread to risk the extinction of large numbers of species. Most fishes have a skeleton that is made of bone, but sharks and rays have a skeleton that is made of cartilage. A total of 1,041 species has such a skeleton and they are collectively known as the Chondrichthyes. To find out how well these fish are faring, Dulvy et al. worked with more than 300 scientists around the world to assess the conservation status of all 1,041 species. Based on this, Dulvy et al. estimate that one in four of these species are threatened with extinction, mainly as a result of overfishing. Moreover, just 389 species (37.4% of the total) are considered to be safe, which is the lowest fraction of safe species among all vertebrate groups studied to date. The largest sharks and rays are in the most peril, especially those living in shallow waters that are accessible to fisheries. A particular problem is the ‘fin trade’: the fins of sharks and shark-like rays are a delicacy in some Asian countries, and more than half of the chondrichthyans that enter the fin trade are under threat. Whether targeted or caught by boats fishing for other species, sharks and rays are used to supply a market that is largely unmonitored and unregulated. Habitat degradation and loss also pose considerable threats, particularly for freshwater sharks and rays. Dulvy et al. identified three main hotspots where the biodiversity of sharks and rays was particularly seriously threatened—the Indo-Pacific Biodiversity Triangle, Red Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea—and argue that national and international action is needed to protect them from overfishing.

Area-based conservation is essential to safeguard declining biodiversity. Several approaches have been developed for identifying networks of globally important areas based on the delineation of sites or seascapes of importance for various elements of biodiversity (e.g., birds, marine mammals). Sharks, rays, and chimaeras are facing a biodiversity crisis with an estimated 37% of species threatened with extinction driven by overfishing. Yet spatial planning tools often fail to consider the habitat needs critical for their survival. The Important Shark and Ray Area (ISRA) approach is proposed as a response to the dire global status of sharks, rays, and chimaeras. A set of four globally standardized scientific criteria, with seven sub-criteria, was developed based on input collated during four shark, biodiversity, and policy expert workshops conducted in 2022. The ISRA Criteria provide a framework to identify discrete, three-dimensional portions of habitat important for one or more shark, ray, or chimaera species, that have the potential to be delineated and managed for conservation. The ISRA Criteria can be applied to all environments where sharks occur (marine, estuarine, and freshwater) and consider the diversity of species, their complex behaviors and ecology, and biological needs. The identification of ISRAs will guide the development, design, and application of area-based conservation initiatives for sharks, rays, and chimaeras, and contribute to their recovery.

Europe has a long tradition of exploiting marine fishes and is promoting marine economic activity through its Blue Growth strategy. This increase in anthropogenic pressure, along with climate change, threatens the biodiversity of fishes and food security. Here, we examine the conservation status of 1,020 species of European marine fishes and identify factors that contribute to their extinction risk. Large fish species (greater than 1.5 m total length) are most at risk; half of these are threatened with extinction, predominantly sharks, rays and sturgeons. This analysis was based on the latest International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) European regional Red List of marine fishes, which was coherent with assessments of the status of fish stocks carried out independently by fisheries management agencies: no species classified by IUCN as threatened were considered sustainable by these agencies. A remarkable geographic divergence in stock status was also evident: in northern Europe, most stocks were not overfished, whereas in the Mediterranean Sea, almost all stocks were overfished. As Europe proceeds with its sustainable Blue Growth agenda, two main issues stand out as needing priority actions in relation to its marine fishes: the conservation of marine fish megafauna and the sustainability of Mediterranean fish stocks. Assessing the conservation status of 1,020 European marine fishes reveals half of large (>1.5 m) fishes are threatened with extinction and stock status diverges geographically: almost all Mediterranean stock is overfished, most northern European stock is not.

Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, 0170 (2017); published 26 May 2017; corrected 12 June 2017. In the original version of this Article, the European Commission was mistakenly included as an affiliation for Christos D. Maravelias. His contribution to this work was exclusively completed while at the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research.

In In re National Steel Corp., the debtor was a supplier of steel to the creditor pursuant to an executory contract.6 Post-petition, the debtor refused to ship steel to the creditor without an upward adjustment in price.7 The creditor paid the increased price, then sought an administrative expense for the price increase.8 The court denied the administrative expense because the increased price for steel paid by the creditor was still below market, therefore, the estate actually did not benefit from such payments. \"12 Similarly, in In re Public Service Co. of New Hampshire, the debtor was party to an executory contract that obligated the debtor to purchase excess power from a nondebtor counterparty.13 Pre-petition, the counterparty owed the debtor nearly$5 million and had given advance notice to the debtor of the amount of excess power that it desired to sell.14 Postpetition, the counterparty admitted its debt to the debtor but refused to pay, asserting an entitlement to retain the funds as a set off against damages that it might accrue in connection with the rejection of the sell-back contract.15 The court found no right to set-off because there was no mutuality of obligations,16 and stated that \"the simple fact of this matter is that the debtor has not yet rejected - and may never reject - the sell-back contract. Because there has been no rejection of the sell-back contract, no claim or cause of action has at this point accrued thereunder. \"22 Similarly, in In re Continental Energy Associates Ltd. Partnership, the court issued an injunction requiring a fuel supplier to provide the debtor with a continuous supply of natural gas post-petition until the debtor assumed or rejected the executory contract.23 The court refused to condition the post-petition supply of natural gas on the debtor paying the full contract price.24 Instead, the debtor was to pay the contract price subject to further review for reasonableness so as to only compensate the supplier consistent with § 503(b)(1). \"28 The court then awarded the debtor more than $ 1 million in damages representing the cost for purchasing cover gas due to the supplier's breach of the executory contract.29 Although the principles were the same in In re Lucre Inc., the court found that the debtor could not affirmatively compel the nondebtor counterparty to continue to provide services prior to assumption and cure where there was a pre-petition default by the debtor that could not be cured.30 In so ruling, the court balanced protections afforded to debtors by the Bankruptcy Code while recognizing that the Code is not a \"cure-all\" for contract provisions that could not otherwise be cured.31 Adequate Protection Can a nondebtor counterparty request some sort of adequate protection?

Reviews ...this guide is recommended for academic libraries requiring more detailed, scholarly information on specific animals and for the bibliography provided for each animal. Library Journal This collection explores the multiple issues that surround species declines and conservation efforts through the only reference source to examine the conflicting conservation issues of 49 endangered species. While the causes of endangerment are relatively easy to understand, the ultimate or underlying factors are far more complex and difficult to address. APADE

The rapid expansion of human activities threatens ocean-wide biodiversity loss. Numerous marine animal populations have declined, yet it remains unclear whether these trends are symptomatic of a chronic accumulation of global marine extinction risk. We present the first systematic analysis of threat for a globally-distributed lineage of 1,041 chondrichthyan fishes - sharks, rays, and chimaeras. We estimate that one-quarter are threatened according to IUCN Red List criteria due to overfishing (targeted and incidental). Large-bodied, shallow-water species are at greatest risk and five out of the seven most threatened families are rays. Overall chondrichthyan extinction risk is substantially higher than for most other vertebrates, and only one-third of species are considered safe. Population depletion has occurred throughout the world's ice-free waters, but is particularly prevalent in the Indo-Pacific Biodiversity Triangle and Mediterranean Sea. Improved management of fisheries and trade is urgently needed to avoid extinctions and promote population recovery.

In July 2021 extreme rainfall across Western Europe caused severe flooding and substantial impacts, including over 200 fatalities and extensive infrastructure damage within Germany and the Benelux countries. After the event, a hydrological assessment and a probabilistic event attribution analysis of rainfall data were initiated and complemented by discussing the vulnerability and exposure context. The global mean surface temperature (GMST) served as a covariate in a generalised extreme value distribution fitted to observational and model data, exploiting the dependence on GMST to estimate how anthropogenic climate change affects the likelihood and severity of extreme events. Rainfall accumulations in Ahr/Erft and the Belgian Meuse catchment vastly exceeded previous observed records. In regions of that limited size the robust estimation of return values and the detection and attribution of rainfall trends are challenging. However, for the larger Western European region it was found that, under current climate conditions, on average one rainfall event of this magnitude can be expected every 400 years at any given location. Consequently, within the entire region, events of similar magnitude are expected to occur more frequently than once in 400 years. Anthropogenic climate change has already increased the intensity of the maximum 1-day rainfall event in the summer season by 3–19 %. The likelihood of such an event to occur today compared to a 1.2 ∘C cooler climate has increased by a factor of 1.2–9. Models indicate that intensity and frequency of such events will further increase with future global warming. While attribution of small-scale events remains challenging, this study shows that there is a robust increase in the likelihood and severity of rainfall events such as the ones causing extreme impacts in July 2021 when considering a larger region.

In this trial involving 387 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, ceftobiprole, a cephalosporin active against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus , was noninferior to daptomycin.