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The handbook of computational linguistics and natural language processing
This comprehensive reference work provides an overview of the concepts, methodologies, and applications in computational linguistics and natural language processing (NLP). Features contributions by the top researchers in the field, reflecting the work that is driving the discipline forward Includes an introduction to the major theoretical issues in these fields, as well as the central engineering applications that the work has produced Presents the major developments in an accessible way, explaining the close connection between scientific understanding of the computational properties of natural language and the creation of effective language technologies Serves as an invaluable state-of-the-art reference source for computational linguists and software engineers developing NLP applications in industrial research and development labs of software companies
eBook
Friends with kids : love, happiness, kids pick two
A daring and hilarious ensemble comedy about a close-knit circle of friends whose lives change once they have kids. The last two singles in the group observe the effect that kids have had on their friends' relationships and wonder if there's a better way to make it work. When they decide to have a child together, and date other people, their unconventional 'experiment' leads everyone in the group to question the nature of friendship, family, and, above all, true love.
DVD
Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study
AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the association between the duration and level of exposure to different classes of anticholinergic drugs and subsequent incident dementia.DesignCase-control study.SettingGeneral practices in the UK contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.Participants40 770 patients aged 65-99 with a diagnosis of dementia between April 2006 and July 2015, and 283 933 controls without dementia.InterventionsDaily defined doses of anticholinergic drugs coded using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale, in total and grouped by subclass, prescribed 4-20 years before a diagnosis of dementia.Main outcome measuresOdds ratios for incident dementia, adjusted for a range of demographic and health related covariates.Results14 453 (35%) cases and 86 403 (30%) controls were prescribed at least one anticholinergic drug with an ACB score of 3 (definite anticholinergic activity) during the exposure period. The adjusted odds ratio for any anticholinergic drug with an ACB score of 3 was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.14). Dementia was associated with an increasing average ACB score. When considered by drug class, gastrointestinal drugs with an ACB score of 3 were not distinctively linked to dementia. The risk of dementia increased with greater exposure for antidepressant, urological, and antiparkinson drugs with an ACB score of 3. This result was also observed for exposure 15-20 years before a diagnosis.ConclusionsA robust association between some classes of anticholinergic drugs and future dementia incidence was observed. This could be caused by a class specific effect, or by drugs being used for very early symptoms of dementia. Future research should examine anticholinergic drug classes as opposed to anticholinergic effects intrinsically or summing scales for anticholinergic exposure.Trial registrationRegistered to the European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies EUPAS8705.
Journal Article
A qualitative study exploring medication management in people with dementia living in the community and the potential role of the community pharmacist
Background The prevalence of dementia is increasing rapidly. People with dementia may be prescribed complex medication regimens, which may be challenging for them and any carers involved to safely manage. Objective To describe and understand the key challenges, in relation to medication issues, experienced by people with dementia and their informal carers dwelling in the community and the potential role of community pharmacists. Design Qualitative semi‐structured interviews. Participants People with dementia, informal carers and health and social care professionals (HSCPs). Results Thirty‐one participants (eleven informal carers, four people with dementia and sixteen HSCPs) were interviewed. Three key themes were identified: the key challenges, improving medication management and the role of pharmacists. The caring role commonly included responsibility for medication management which created both practical problems and an emotional burden. This burden was worsened by any difficulty in obtaining support and if the person with dementia was on a complex regimen. Participants believed that the process could be improved by coordinated and on‐going support from HSCPs, which should focus on the informal carer. Medication reviews, particularly when conducted in the home environment, could be helpful. Conclusion Medication management for people with dementia living in the community is a complex process, and informal carers have a key role, which they frequently find challenging. Community pharmacists could have an enhanced role in this area, but would need to work within a more multidisciplinary environment outside the pharmacy.
Journal Article
Multimodal imaging in Alzheimer's disease: validity and usefulness for early detection
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that typically manifests clinically as an isolated amnestic deficit that progresses to a characteristic dementia syndrome. Advances in neuroimaging research have enabled mapping of diverse molecular, functional, and structural aspects of Alzheimer's disease pathology in ever increasing temporal and regional detail. Accumulating evidence suggests that distinct types of imaging abnormalities related to Alzheimer's disease follow a consistent trajectory during pathogenesis of the disease, and that the first changes can be detected years before the disease manifests clinically. These findings have fuelled clinical interest in the use of specific imaging markers for Alzheimer's disease to predict future development of dementia in patients who are at risk. The potential clinical usefulness of single or multimodal imaging markers is being investigated in selected patient samples from clinical expert centres, but additional research is needed before these promising imaging markers can be successfully translated from research into clinical practice in routine care.
Journal Article
Evaluating care pathways in Alzheimer’s disease: a qualitative interview study with GPs in England
AimTo understand general practitioners’ (GPs’) experience of existing care pathways for people with moderate-severe Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and explore their attitudes towards potential modifications to these pathways.DesignSecondary thematic analysis of qualitative interviews, originally conducted with GPs to explore prescribing of memantine in general practice. The theoretical domains framework was used to structure the data.SettingThe study participants were recruited via an online survey completed by GPs across England.ParticipantsSemi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted with thirteen male and ten female GPs from a range of general practices in England.Primary outcomeInsights into GPs’ views and experiences regarding existing and possible care pathways for individuals with moderate to severe AD.ResultsGaps in GPs’ current levels of knowledge and skill in respect of caring for patients with moderate-to-severe AD affect their confidence and ability to identify opportunities for additional treatments. While GPs emphasise their role as providers of holistic care, features of the current healthcare context, including a lack of additional funding, inhibit their willingness to assume additional responsibilities as part of a revised pathway.ConclusionA considerable knowledge, skills and confidence gap must be addressed to support the implementation of new care pathways that include revised responsibilities for GPs. GPs need appropriate support and resources to manage their patients’ changing needs and to provide the best possible pharmacological management as the disease develops.
Journal Article
Placing assistive technology and telecare in everyday practices of people with dementia and their caregivers: findings from an embedded ethnography of a national dementia trial
Background
Policy makers and care providers see assistive technology and telecare as potential products to support people with dementia to live independently in their homes and communities. Previous research rarely examined how people with dementia and their caregivers actually use such technology. The study examined how and why people living with dementia and their caregivers used assistive technology and telecare in their own homes.
Methods
This study used an ethnographic design embedded within the NIHR-funded Assistive Technology and Telecare to maintain Independent Living At home for people with dementia (ATTILA) randomised controlled trial. We collected 208 h of observational data on situated practices of ten people with dementia and their ten caregivers. We used this data to construct extended cases to explain how technologies supported people with dementia in home and community settings.
Results
We identified three themes: placing technology in care, which illustrates how people with dementia and caregivers ‘fit’ technology into their homes and routines; replacing care with technology, which shows how caregivers replaced normal care practices with ones mediated through technologies; and technology displacing care and everyday life, which highlights how technologies disrupted the everyday lives of people with dementia.
Discussion
This study exemplifies unintended and unanticipated consequences for assistive technology and telecare uptake in ‘real world’ community-based dementia care. It underlines the need to identify and map the context of technological provision over time within the changing lives of people with dementia and their caregivers.
Journal Article
The handbook of contemporary semantic theory
The second edition of The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory presents a comprehensive introduction to cutting-edge research in contemporary theoretical and computational semantics. Features completely new content from the first edition of The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory Features contributions by leading semanticists, who introduce core areas of contemporary semantic research, while discussing current research Suitable for graduate students for courses in semantic theory and for advanced researchers as an introduction to current theoretical work
eBook
Towards a Theoretical Framework for Social Impact Bonds
Governments in some of the world’s richest nations appear to be caught in a double challenge of declining social budgets even as social needs are increasing. In this context, Outcomes Based Commissioning (OBC), has been suggested as one way in which ‘more’ social services can be provided for ‘less’ public resources. This form of commissioning is often linked with a new financing tool for social services, referred to in the US as ‘Pay for Success and Payment by Results in the UK or as a ‘Social Impact Bond’ (SIB). However, to date, this approach is under-theorised and this is a limiting factor both for shaping a research and evaluation agenda around SIBs and in understanding how such instruments might develop in future. Without a theoretical rationale for SIBs, it is not straightforward to assess whether, and how well, they have achieved their goals, and how they might be developed further. In this paper we consider two broad approaches to theorising SIBs. One draws on public administration theories, the other on innovation theories. To date, SIBs have often been theorised as the logical next step in the New Public Management (NPM). But NPM itself is a contested theory and recent theoretical innovations in public administration, particularly the concept of New Public Governance might provide a more useful theoretical framework. A second broad approach through which to understand SIBs is their potential to improve the rate and dissemination of innovation. There are many different innovation models that might be applied to better understanding of SIBs. We look first at the concept of Open Innovation with its focus on distributed innovation processes in which knowledge flows across organisational boundaries and more recent articulations – Open Innovation 2.0 – which place greater emphasis on mixed economy collabarations involving: industry; government; universities; and communities and users (the so-called ‘quadruple helix’) to solve societal challenges. We go on to consider social innovation, with its clearer focus on using social means to deliver social outcomes and whether SIBs can be theorised through this lens. No one model is entirely satisfactory as an explanatory framework for SIBs and we conclude by suggesting that a supporting theory combining NPG with elements of Open Innovation 2.0 and social innovation might be a productive approach for shaping future research and, in addition, might suggest some future directions for the next generation of SIBs.
Journal Article