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This work presents a new methodology for fabrication of membrane-assisted elongated YIG nanostructures through the sol-gel method using low-cost materials, and the estimation of the average size of the geometries formed within the pores through ferromagnetic resonance measurements. A precursor solution was deposited on the internal surface of porous aluminum oxide membrane, using an assembly consisting of a vacuum system coupled to an apparatus, which assists in the entry of the used precursor solution, breaking the barriers related to the existing surface tension, with subsequent heat treatment to form the single phase of yttrium iron garnet (YIG). The data collected by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicated this result. The study of the contact angle of the precursor solution and the alumina template indicated great compatibility, an angle of 35.4°. SEM analysis showed that elongated structures were deposited inside the pore’s walls, with different lengths up to 3 micrometers and the EDS analysis showed the presence of the main elements of the YIG phase. The Kittel’s equation and FMR spectral data were used to estimate the mean size of the elongated nanostructures. We found six different size categories with 1856, 1768, 1661, 1588, 1570, 1498 nm . The methodology proved to be efficient for the characterization of elongated YIG nanostructures, becoming a perspective of future applications. Graphical Abstract Highlights Setup for the infiltration of the alumina membrane with the YIG precursor was proposed. Elongated YIG structures were obtained with diverse potential applications. The FMR was used to estimate the mean size of elongated YIG structures.

Continuous (NC-1) and composition-modulated (NC-2 and NC-3) nanowires were successfully synthesized through electrodeposition using porous alumina membranes as templates. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to estimate the total length of the nanowires, revealing lengths of 7.48 ± 1.03 μm, 5.56 ± 0.77 μm, and 8.23 ± 0.82 μm for NC-1, NC-2, and NC-3, respectively. The composition-modulated samples exhibited distinct light and dark regions along the wires, as revealed by EDS mapping. The light regions (L Ni ) demonstrated an increased signal for nickel and a reduced signal for copper, while the dark regions (L Cu ) exhibited the reverse behavior. For NC-2, L Ni = 309.94 ± 65 nm and L Cu = 64.45 ± 18 nm, whereas for NC-3, it was L Ni = 382.25 ± 71 nm and L Cu = 139.71 ± 28 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of nickel with a face-centered cubic structure in NC-1, while both NC-2 and NC-3 exhibited diffraction peaks corresponding to nickel and metallic copper, both with fcc structures. Utilizing XRD standards and the Williamson-Hall method, the crystallite size and lattice deformation of nickel were estimated, resulting in values of D  = 69 nm and ε  = 0.0051% for NC-1, D  = 18 nm and ε  = 0.0007% for NC-2, and D  = 53 nm and ε  = 0.0041% for NC-3. These structural parameters were observed to vary with the deposition current. Magnetization versus field measurements and ferromagnetic resonance analysis provided insights into how the modulation process influenced the magnetic anisotropy, coercivity, remanence, and resonance field of the nanowires. The findings highlight the capability of the composition modulation process to tune the structural and magnetic properties of nanowires, thereby offering potential for the development of advanced electronic devices.

This study investigates the influence of sintering temperature on the structural and magnetic properties of Y 3 Fe 4,97 La 0,03 O 12 , elucidating the nucleation and growth mechanisms related to temperature. Through meticulous X-ray diffraction analysis, we confirmed the formation of a single YIG phase at 900 °C. Conversely, samples sintered at 1000 °C and 1100 °C reveal the presence of a second phase, attributed to YFeO 3 , highlighting the complex interaction between sintering temperature and material morphology. Moreover, magnetic characterization details how sintering temperatures directly influence the magnetic moment and saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles, presenting significant fluctuations in magnetic properties due to the presence of the secondary phase. This work not only sheds light on the subtle relationship between lanthanum doping, sintering temperature, and the resulting magnetic properties but also paves the way for fine-tuning these properties in advanced materials for specific technological applications.

The tuning of magnetic properties in nanostructured systems by chemical substitution provides excellent opportunities to further explore new functionalities together with the involved physics. Here we present structural, microstructural and magnetic properties of Eu 1 - x Ho x CrO 3 ( x = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0) nanoparticles prepared by a combustion reaction technique. The substitution of Eu for Ho disturbs the system leading a shrinkage of the unit cell volume from 224.6(8)Å 3 for x = 0.0 to 218.3(8)Å 3 for x = 1.0, in agreement with previous results and coincident with a contraction of 3.5% of the Cr–O1–Cr bond angle as revealed by X-ray diffraction measurements. From dc magnetic susceptibility measurements, it is also observed a strong reduction of the Néel and Curie–Weiss temperatures (from T N Cr = 178.0(3) K and Θ CW Cr = − 477(8) K for x = 0.0 to T N Cr = 140.0(3) K and Θ CW Cr = − 22(2) K for x = 1.0) associated with the Cr 3 + –Cr 3 + interaction. Low temperature magnetization measurements (M vs H) reveal a weak ferromagnetic component as Ho enters the system suggesting alteration of the internal molecular field due to structural modifications. The structure-magnetism correlation can be explained combining Van-Vleck susceptibility, the antisymmetric exchange (Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction) including the Cr–O1–Cr angle modification and the conventional Curie–Weiss analysis at high temperatures.

1. Summary 169 2. Introduction 170 3. Sanger's method and other enzymic methods 170 3.1 Random approach 171 3.2 Direct approach 171 3.3 Enzyme technology 175 3.4 Sample preparation 175 3.5 Labels and DNA labelling 176 3.5.1 Radioisotopes 176 3.5.2 Chemiluminescent detection 176 3.5.3 Fluorescent dyes 177 3.6 Fragment separation and analysis 180 3.6.1 Electrophoresis 180 3.6.2 Mass spectrometry – an alternative 182 4. Maxam & Gilbert and other chemical methods 183 5. Pyrosequencing – DNA sequencing in real time by the detection of released PPi 187 6. Single molecule sequencing with exonuclease 190 7. Conclusion 192 8. Acknowledgements 192 9. References 193 The four best known DNA sequencing techniques are reviewed. Important practical issues covered are read-length, speed, accuracy, throughput, cost, as well as the automation of sample handling and preparation. The methods reviewed are: (i) the Sanger method and its most important variants (enzymic methods); (ii) the Maxam & Gilbert method and other chemical methods; (iii) the PyrosequencingTM method – DNA sequencing in real time by the detection of released pyrophosphate (PPi); and (iv) single molecule sequencing with exonuclease (exonuclease digestion of a single molecule composed of a single strand of fluorescently labelled deoxynucleotides). Each method is briefly described, the current literature is covered, advantages, disadvantages, and the most suitable applications of each method are discussed.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as promising materials for spin--orbitronics owing to their strong spin--orbit coupling and rich electronic phases. However, their orbital transport properties remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the orbitronic response of \\(MoTe_2\\) is governed by a thickness-driven structural phase transition. RF-sputtered \\(MoTe_2\\) thin films exhibit a crossover at a critical thickness of approximately \\(4.5\\,nm\\), stabilizing in the metallic \\(1T^\\) phase below this threshold and in the semiconducting \\(2H\\) phase above it. Raman spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) confirm the structural and electronic transition, revealing gapless behavior in ultrathin films and a finite band gap in thicker samples. Spin-pumping measurements detect an additional transverse charge-conversion signal exclusively in metallic \\(1T^\\)-\\(MoTe_2\\), in agreement with first-principles calculations that identify a dominant orbital Rashba--Edelstein response as the underlying conversion mechanism.

The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823 000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20 000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.

The effectiveness of inactivated vaccines (VE) against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 caused by omicron is unknown. We conducted a nationwide, test-negative, case-control study to estimate VE for homologous and heterologous (BNT162b2) booster doses in adults who received two doses of CoronaVac in Brazil in the Omicron context. Analyzing 1,386,544 matched-pairs, VE against symptomatic disease was 8.6% (95% CI, 5.6–11.5) and 56.8% (95% CI, 56.3–57.3) in the period 8–59 days after receiving a homologous and heterologous booster, respectively. During the same interval, VE against severe Covid-19 was 73.6% (95% CI, 63.9–80.7) and 86.0% (95% CI, 84.5–87.4) after receiving a homologous and heterologous booster, respectively. Waning against severe Covid-19 after 120 days was only observed after a homologous booster. Heterologous booster might be preferable to individuals with completed primary series inactivated vaccine. This study investigates the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine boosters following a primary series of CoronaVac vaccination. Using data from Brazil during the Omicron wave, the authors show that boosters provided protection against severe disease, with higher effectiveness from a BNT162b2 than CoronaVac booster.

The resurgence of cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, accompanied by epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil, has aroused worldwide interest in understanding the biological mechanisms of the virus that allow patient management and the viral dissemination control. Colostrum and human milk are possible sources of virus spread. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the repercussions of ZIKV infection on rheological parameters and inflammatory cytokines of colostrum. The prospective cohort study included 40 puerperal donors of colostrum, divided into 2 groups: control (without ZIKV infection, n=20) and a group infected with ZIKV during the gestational period (n=20). Analyses were performed for the detection of ZIKV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition to obtaining the rheological parameters and quantification of IL-10 and IL-6 cytokines by flow cytometry, ZIKV and other flaviviruses were not detected in colostrum. However, maternal infection reflected increased viscosity, decreased levels of IL-10, and elevated levels of IL-6. The higher viscosity may represent a mechanical barrier that hinders the spread of the virus. The lower levels of anti-inflammatory mediators and higher inflammatory cytokines may possibly alter the viscosity, and it seems the higher viscosity represents a possible mechanism of adaptation of breastfeeding against a response to ZIKV.