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This book provides an overarching, comprehensive analysis of the French military in the medieval period. The focus is on the armies of the French monarchy and the lands close around them, extending from the Low Countries to Provence. Central themes include recruitment and payment; military organisation; leadership, strategy, and tactics; weapons and arms; chivalry, military culture, and the rise of military professionalism.

This text is a study of the ideas and practices involved in the making and breaking of peace treaties and truces from Classical Greece to the time of the Crusades. Leading specialists on war and peace in ancient and medieval history examine the creation of peace agreements.

Fear learning is a core component of conceptual models of how adverse experiences may influence psychopathology. Specifically, existing theories posit that childhood experiences involving childhood trauma are associated with altered fear learning processes, while experiences involving deprivation are not. Several studies have found altered fear acquisition in youth exposed to trauma, but not deprivation, although the specific patterns have varied across studies. The present study utilizes a longitudinal sample of children with variability in adversity experiences to examine associations among childhood trauma, fear learning, and psychopathology in youth. The sample includes 170 youths aged 10-13 years ( 11.56, s.d. = 0.47, 48.24% female). Children completed a fear conditioning task while skin conductance responses (SCR) were obtained, which included both acquisition and extinction. Childhood trauma and deprivation severity were measured using both parent and youth report. Symptoms of anxiety, externalizing problems, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed at baseline and again two-years later. Greater trauma-related experiences were associated with greater SCR to the threat cue (CS+) relative to the safety cue (CS-) in early fear acquisition, controlling for deprivation, age, and sex. Deprivation was unrelated to fear learning. Greater SCR to the threat cue during early acquisition was associated with increased PTSD symptoms over time controlling for baseline symptoms and mediated the relationship between trauma and prospective changes in PTSD symptoms. Childhood trauma is associated with altered fear learning in youth, which may be one mechanism linking exposure to violence with the emergence of PTSD symptoms in adolescence.

The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714 is a fascinating and accessible survey that places the medieval Crusades in their European context, and examines, for the first time, their impact on European expansion. Taking a unique approach that focuses on the motivation behind the Crusades, John France chronologically examines the whole crusading movement, from the development of a ‘crusading impulse’ in the eleventh century through to an examination of the relationship between the Crusades and the imperialist imperatives of the early modern period. France provides a detailed examination of the first Crusade, the expansion and climax of crusading during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the failure and fragmentation of such practices in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Concluding with an assessment of the influence of the Crusades across history, and replete with illustrations, maps, timelines, guides for further reading, and a detailed list of rulers across Europe and the Muslim world, this study provides students with an essential guide to a central aspect of medieval history. John France is Professor of History and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Wales, Swansea. His previous publications include Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000-1300 (1999). \"A study that is both wide ranging and refreshingly insightful, which pulls together historical episodes that are often accorded insufficient attention and traces the fortunes of a developing political matrix in which piety and greed, loyalty and aggression, self-interest and faith, went hand in hand.\" - Professor Peter Edbury, Cardiff University

يقدم الكتاب نظرة شاملة ومتعمقة عن كيفية ضبط تحكم الإنسان في تناول الطعام من خلال مفهومي الشبع (satiation) والذي يعنى بإنهاء الوجبة والامتلاء (satiety) والذي يثبت الشعور بالشبع بعد انتهائها مستعرضا أساسيات القياس والآليات الفسيولوجية والمعرفية وراء الشهية. يبدأ بتوضيح هذه المفاهيم وكيفية قياسها تجريبيا، ثم ينتقل إلى العوامل البيولوجية (مثل هرمونات القناة الهضمية)، ثم يتناول تأثير تركيب الطعام (مثل البروتين والألياف والكثافة الحرارية) على الشبع والامتلاء، تليه مناقشة العوامل الثقافية والبيئية والمتعة المرتبطة بالطعام، وتنتهي باستعراض الأبعاد الصحية العامة كالبدانة وكيفية توجيه المطالبات الصحية ومعلومات المستهلك σχετικά بالشبع والامتلاء.

Background Less than 1% of married women in Tanzania use an Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUD) for contraception. An initiative by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has been in progress since 2015 resulting in escalated method uptake in implementing hospitals. This study investigates failure rate, complications, and risk factors for one-year continuation of TCu380A IUD when used for immediate postpartum contraception under the initiative in Tanzania. Methodology A prospective cohort study of women who had TCu380A insertion within 48 h of delivery in 6 hospitals in Tanzania between 1st December 2017 and 18th April 2018 was conducted. Face to face post insertion interviews were made with 1114 clients before discharge and later through phone calls up to the beginning of 13th month postpartum. Postpartum Intrauterine Device (PPIUD) continuation status, complications, duration of time they stayed with the IUD and the currently used method if PPIUD was discontinued were enquired. The outcome variable was PPIUD continuation at one year of IUD insertion. Data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions software (SPSS) for Windows version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA). Results In total 511(45.8%)clients had consented and availed to complete the one-year follow-up. Out of these, 440 still had IUD, giving a one-year continuation rate of 86.1%. Most (63%) IUD discontinuations occurred in the period between 7th week and 6 months of insertion. One-year method expulsion rate was 2.1%. There was one reported pregnancy that gives a method failure rate of about 2 per 1000. The independent risk factors in favor of method continuation at one year were absence of medical or social problem, being a youth (16–24 years), and delivery by Cesarean section. Conclusions The continuation rate when CuT380A is used for immediate postpartum contraception is high, with low complication and failure rates. Some medical and social factors are important for method continuation, hence the need to consider in training, counselling and advocacy.

Background Traumatic events experienced in childhood can lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disorders in adulthood. Black Americans are disproportionately affected, as they are at increased risk for experiencing childhood trauma and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. One of the hypothesized mechanisms of this association is through long-lasting dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, a hallmark physiological biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is twice as prevalent in women compared to men. Methods Ninety-one, majority Black American children, aged 9 were recruited to be a part of our longitudinal study of child development at research centers in Atlanta, GA and Detroit, MI. Resting HR was measured through a electrocardiogram (ECG) recording using the Biopac MP150. Self-report measures of violence exposure and PTSD symptoms were administered by research staff. Results Children with more violence exposure reported increased PTSS as well as lower resting HR. Regression analysis showed evidence of sex modifying this relationship, (B = -0.64, p  < 0.05), such that the association between resting HR and PTSS was stronger in girls than in boys. In our exploratory analysis with standard clinical cutoffs of resting HR, the normative HR group was found to significantly moderate the relationship between violence exposure and PTSS in boys, (B = -2.14, p  < 0.01), but not girls (B = -0.94, p  = 0.27). Conclusion In our sample of primarily Black urban children, we found that violence exposure was associated with slower, more adult-like HR, that girls showed greater PTSS associated with slower HR while boys did not, and that girls with lower than normative HR showed significantly higher PTSS compared to girls with normative HR. Our sample’s demonstration of psychological consequences in addition to the physiological implications could provide new information about a psychobiological sequelae of violence exposure. Plain English summary Experiencing traumatic events in childhood can lead to increased risk of heart disease in adulthood. One of the ways this might happen is through long-lasting changes of the autonomic nervous system. This system is dysregulated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is twice as common in women compared to men. We explored whether resting heart rate (HR), a measure of autonomic functioning was associated with violence exposure in children, and whether this relationship was different in boys and girls. We also explored whether categorizing our sample into resting HR groups based off standardized norms for HR predicted differing relationships between violence exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Because childhood trauma and heart disease impact Black Americans at greater rates, we recruited our sample of 92 nine-year-old children from research centers in Atlanta, GA and Detroit, MI. We measured their resting HR, exposure to violence, and PTSS. We found that violence exposure was associated with lower HR overall, that girls showed greater PTSS associated with lower HR when compared to boys, and that boys with lower than normative HR showed a stronger association between violence exposure and PTSS compared to boys with normative HR. Future studies should examine potential mechanisms underlying this sex difference to best understand the long-term cardiovascular consequences for sex-related health disparities. Specifically, longitudinal studies may be able to help researchers understand how reduced HR during adolescents might lead to future cardiovascular disease and psychopathology. Highlights • We explored whether resting heart rate (HR), a measure of autonomic functioning, was associated with violence exposure, whether this relationship differs in boys and girls, and whether resting HR modified the relationship between violence exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). • In our sample of primarily urban children, we found that violence exposure was associated with lower HR, that girls showed greater PTSS associated with slower HR, and that boys with lower than normative HR showed a stronger association between violence exposure and PTSS compared to boys with normative HR. • Our results shed light on the psychobiological sequelae of violence exposure.