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Life cycle-based analysis is a key to understand these biofuels’ climate benefits. This manuscript provides a state-of-the-art review of current biofuel production, primarily through algae-based routes. Standalone biofuel production has an unfavorable environmental and energy footprint. Therefore, industrial symbiosis is required to reduce the environmental impacts of biofuel. The availability of waste heat, CO2, renewable energy, and colocation of other industries, especially renewable energy and dairy firms, have been demonstrated beneficial for producing biofuel through the algal route. Dynamic life cycle assessment (DLCA) issues were discussed in detail. DLCA is one of the highlighted areas of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) paradigm that can improve the applicability of climate change indicators used in the LCA. Various climate change indicators, global warming potential (GWP), global temperature change (GTP), and climate tipping point (CTP) were discussed in detail. Special emphasis was given to waste-based bioenergy production and its LCA as this route provided the lowest GHG emissions compared to the other bioenergy production pathways (e.g., from energy crops, using lignocellulosic biomass, etc.). The use of LCA results and modification of life cycle inventory (e.g., modification in the form of the regional energy mix, dynamic Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), etc.) was another highlight of this study. Such modifications need to be incorporated if one wants to improve the applicability of LCA results for net zero target analysis.

In algal pond used for treating wastewater, a part of the solar radiation (PAR) is used by algae for photosynthesis, and rest of the solar energy is wasted. To date, no studies have been conducted that optimize these aspects (wasted solar radiation for heat production) from an operational cost perspective. Therefore, a model is developed for the estimation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from solar radiation. Subsequently, derived PAR was utilized in the optimization algorithm. Experimental data on PAR and solar radiation were used to obtain empirical parameters of the developed model. Using empirical parameters, diurnal PAR was estimated for other locations for which the diurnal variation of solar radiation was not available. Afterwards, the estimated solar radiation was used to obtain the cost of algal biomass production using wastewater. For this purpose, a cost function was minimized. The cost function contains various cost components of algae-based wastewater treatment. The major costs of the treatment were incurred by the sunlight harvesting, and distribution equipment, whereas the major income was registered through the conversion of sunlight to heat and biomass production. The yearly cost of treating 1m3 wastewater in the proposed wastewater treatment plant could be varied from 186 to −44 (Rs, INR). The capital cost of constructing a proposed treatment plant having a capacity of 1000 m3/day varied from 11–45 crores INR.

This book provides a technical and practical guide to measure and minimize greenhouse gas emissions for any organization, from manufacturing to service facilities. It serves as an up-to-date source of technical information related to current and potential greenhouse gas emission minimization practices. Providing a detailed framework, it outlines an assessment procedure that has been refined over the past five years on more than 20 assessments. The text offers a step-by-step guide to conduct analyses and includes case studies demonstrating the application.

This e-book discusses methods that businesses may employ to reduce energy costs related to managing industrial buildings through environmentally sustainable methods. There are several chapters covering various aspects of energy assessments and each chapter is linked to case histories that are given in the appendix. The chapters cover energy efficient methods for managing lighting, insulation, machines, air conditioning and much more. Information needed during the assessment process is also supplemented in tables. Readers who wish to gain a better understanding of[] the many ways to reduce energy consumption can benefit from this book.

\"This book provides a technical and practical guide to measure and minimize greenhouse gas emissions for any organization, from manufacturing to service facilities. It serves as an up-to-date source of technical information related to current and potential greenhouse gas emission minimization practices. Providing a detailed framework, it outlines an assessment procedure that has been refined over the past five years on more than 20 assessments. The text offers a step-by-step guide to conduct analyses and includes case studies demonstrating the application\"--

In parallel with an ongoing human clinical trial, genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer with different genetic alterations are treated with chemotherapeutic agents; the results have implications for the clinical trial. Successful trial separation The idea of 'co-clinical' trials has been put forward as way of evaluating novel therapies. By testing a drug simultaneously in human clinical and mouse preclinical trials, the thinking is, the two sets of data can be combined to extract extra information. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, genetically engineered mouse models were used to mirror a randomized phase II clinical trial of the chemotherapeutic docetaxel in KRAS -driven lung cancer, comparing its action alone with that in combination with a MEK inhibitor. In the mouse model, tumours with Kras or Kras and p53 mutations were more responsive to the combination than to docetaxel alone, whereas mice carrying a deletion of Lkb1 in addition to activated Kras remained relatively unresponsive. This has important implications for the ongoing clinical trial, suggesting that patients should be tested for LKB1 mutations. Targeted therapies have demonstrated efficacy against specific subsets of molecularly defined cancers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Although most patients with lung cancer are stratified according to a single oncogenic driver, cancers harbouring identical activating genetic mutations show large variations in their responses to the same targeted therapy 1 , 3 . The biology underlying this heterogeneity is not well understood, and the impact of co-existing genetic mutations, especially the loss of tumour suppressors 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , has not been fully explored. Here we use genetically engineered mouse models to conduct a ‘co-clinical’ trial that mirrors an ongoing human clinical trial in patients with KRAS -mutant lung cancers. This trial aims to determine if the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) 10 increases the efficacy of docetaxel, a standard of care chemotherapy. Our studies demonstrate that concomitant loss of either p53 (also known as Tp53 ) or Lkb1 (also known as Stk11 ), two clinically relevant tumour suppressors 6 , 9 , 11 , 12 , markedly impaired the response of Kras -mutant cancers to docetaxel monotherapy. We observed that the addition of selumetinib provided substantial benefit for mice with lung cancer caused by Kras and Kras and p53 mutations, but mice with Kras and Lkb1 mutations had primary resistance to this combination therapy. Pharmacodynamic studies, including positron-emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT), identified biological markers in mice and patients that provide a rationale for the differential efficacy of these therapies in the different genotypes. These co-clinical results identify predictive genetic biomarkers that should be validated by interrogating samples from patients enrolled on the concurrent clinical trial. These studies also highlight the rationale for synchronous co-clinical trials, not only to anticipate the results of ongoing human clinical trials, but also to generate clinically relevant hypotheses that can inform the analysis and design of human studies.