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"Frank, David"
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Turgor – a limiting factor for radial growth in mature conifers along an elevational gradient
• A valid representation of intra-annual wood formation processes in global vegetation models is vital for assessing climate change impacts on the forest carbon stock. Yet, wood formation is generally modelled with photosynthesis, despite mounting evidence that cambial activity is rather directly constrained by limiting environmental factors.
• Here, we apply a state-of-the-art turgor-driven growth model to simulate 4 yr of hourly stem radial increment from Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. growing along an elevational gradient. For the first time, wood formation observations were used to validate weekly to annual stem radial increment simulations, while environmental measurements were used to assess the climatic constraints on turgor-driven growth.
• Model simulations matched the observed timing and dynamics of wood formation. Using the detailed model outputs, we identified a strict environmental regulation on stem growth (air temperature > 2°C and soil water potential > −0.6 MPa). Warmer and drier summers reduced the growth rate as a result of turgor limitation despite warmer temperatures being favourable for cambial activity.
• These findings suggest that turgor is a central driver of the forest carbon sink and should be considered in next-generation vegetation models, particularly in the context of global warming and increasing frequency of droughts.
Journal Article
Teaching STEM in the secondary school : helping teachers meet the challenge
\"The skills, knowledge and understanding of the subjects involved in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) are vital for all young people in an increasingly science and technology driven society. This book looks at the purpose and pedagogy of STEM teaching and explores the ways in which STEM subjects can interact in the curriculum to enhance student understanding, achievement and motivation. By reaching outside their own classroom, teachers can collaborate across subjects to enrich learning and help students relate school science, maths and technology to the wider world. Packed with ideas and practical details for teachers of STEM subjects, this book: Considers what the STEM subjects contribute separately to the curriculum and how they relate to each other in the wider education of secondary school students;Describes and evaluates different curriculum models for STEM;Suggests ways in which a critical approach to the pedagogy of the classroom, laboratory and workshop can support STEM for all students;addresses the practicalities of introducing, organising and sustaining STEM related activities in the secondary school Looks to ways schools can manage and sustain STEM approaches in the long-term. This timely new text is essential reading for trainee and practising teachers that wish to make the learning of science, technology, engineering and mathematics an interesting, motivating and exciting experience for their students. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Climate extremes and the carbon cycle
The effects of climate extremes such as droughts or storms on the carbon cycle of ecosystems are investigated; such extremes can decrease regional carbon stocks.
Carbon budget changes caused by climate extremes
Recent studies indicate that the extreme climate events — such as heatwaves, droughts and storms — can partially offset carbon sinks or even cause net losses in carbon stocks. This Perspective article investigates the effect of climate extremes on the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems and concludes that climate extremes have the potential to override the sink effects of gradual warming, contributing to carbon loss from accumulated stocks.
The terrestrial biosphere is a key component of the global carbon cycle and its carbon balance is strongly influenced by climate. Continuing environmental changes are thought to increase global terrestrial carbon uptake. But evidence is mounting that climate extremes such as droughts or storms can lead to a decrease in regional ecosystem carbon stocks and therefore have the potential to negate an expected increase in terrestrial carbon uptake. Here we explore the mechanisms and impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle, and propose a pathway to improve our understanding of present and future impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon budget.
Journal Article
Understanding national identity
\"We live in a world in which being a 'citizen' of a state and being a 'national' are by no means the same. Amidst much scholarly debate about 'nations' and 'nationalism', comparatively little has been written explicitly on 'national identity' and a great deal less is solidly evidence-based. This book focuses on national identity in England and Scotland. Using data collected over twenty years it asks: does national identity really matter to people? How does 'national identity' differ from 'nationality' and having a passport? Are there particular people and places which have ambiguous or contested national identities? What happens if someone makes a claim to a national identity? On what basis do others accept or reject the claim? Does national identity have much internal substance, or is it simply about defending group boundaries? How does national identity relate to politics and constitutional change?\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Regeneration of the lung alveolus by an evolutionarily conserved epithelial progenitor
An evolutionarily conserved alveolar epithelial progenitor lineage that derives from alveolar type 2 cells is responsive to Wnt signalling and acts as a major facultative progenitor in regenerating the distal lung.
A recipe for emergency alveoli
The lung, which relies on complex distal gas exchange units called alveoli for its function, is a highly quiescent organ, displaying a very low turnover of cells in its normal state. However, it is prone to environmental and infectious damaging agents. Elucidating how organs that are maintained in a mainly quiescent state regenerate after injury could help in the development of therapeutic strategies to promote organ repair. Edward Morrisey and colleagues have identified and characterized an alveolar epithelial progenitor that is responsive to Wnt and FGF7 signalling triggered by injury and that exists in mouse and human adult lungs. The human alveolar epithelial progenitors can be isolated and grown in three-dimensional organoids, highlighting their potential for future regeneration strategies.
Functional tissue regeneration is required for the restoration of normal organ homeostasis after severe injury. Some organs, such as the intestine, harbour active stem cells throughout homeostasis and regeneration
1
; more quiescent organs, such as the lung, often contain facultative progenitor cells that are recruited after injury to participate in regeneration
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,
3
. Here we show that a Wnt-responsive alveolar epithelial progenitor (AEP) lineage within the alveolar type 2 cell population acts as a major facultative progenitor cell in the distal lung. AEPs are a stable lineage during alveolar homeostasis but expand rapidly to regenerate a large proportion of the alveolar epithelium after acute lung injury. AEPs exhibit a distinct transcriptome, epigenome and functional phenotype and respond specifically to Wnt and Fgf signalling. In contrast to other proposed lung progenitor cells, human AEPs can be directly isolated by expression of the conserved cell surface marker TM4SF1, and act as functional human alveolar epithelial progenitor cells in 3D organoids. Our results identify the AEP lineage as an evolutionarily conserved alveolar progenitor that represents a new target for human lung regeneration strategies.
Journal Article
Disagreement or denialism? “Invasive species denialism” and ethical disagreement in science
Recently, invasion biologists have argued that some of the skepticism expressed in the scientific and lay literatures about the risks of invasive species and other aspects of the consensus within invasion biology is a kind of science denialism. This paper presents an argument that, while some claims made by skeptics of invasion biology share important features with paradigm cases of science denialism, others express legitimate ethical concerns that, even if one disagrees, should not be dismissed as denialist. Further, this case illustrates a more general point about ethical disagreement within sciences like invasion biology that constitutively pursue non-epistemic goals and values. While philosophers of science have argued that epistemic disagreement within science can be productive as heterogeneous epistemic communities “hedge their bets,” the case of invasion biology shows how non-epistemic or ethical disagreement within sciences, while carrying significant risks, can also be epistemically and nonepistemically valuable.
Journal Article
The climatic drivers of normalized difference vegetation index and tree-ring-based estimates of forest productivity are spatially coherent but temporally decoupled in Northern Hemispheric forests
Aim Radial growth and foliage dynamics of trees both play a significant role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Yet, crucial knowledge gaps exist in how these two growth components are linked. Our goal is to help bridge these gaps by providing a Northern Hemispheric survey of the connections between, and drivers of, inter‐annual wood and canopy–landscape dynamics and phenology. Location Northern (>30° N) forest ecosystems. Methods We compared a multispecies network of ca. 700 annually resolved radial tree‐growth records with the global inventory modelling and mapping studies‐normalized difference vegetation index (GIMMS‐NDVI) estimates of foliage greenness between 1982 and 2012. Tree‐ring data were assimilated into the simple process‐based Vaganov–Shashkin Lite model to derive xylem phenology on a monthly basis and were contrasted against NDVI estimates of canopy phenology. We additionally determined the response of all these vegetation measures to temperature and precipitation. Results We found broad‐scale agreement in the phenology and growing season climate response between radial tree growth and seasonally integrated canopy–landscape dynamics. On a monthly basis, however, a temporal asynchrony in the climate signals at mid‐ and high latitudes was observed, where the strongest climate response of the NDVI record occurred around leaf flush, whereas an early‐ to mid‐growing season signal dominated the tree‐ring growth. Main conclusions Our comprehensive study helps to elucidate the unique contributions of foliar and radial growth to terrestrial carbon cycling and the time‐scales at which they operate. Although we observed that both measures have similar overall climate constraints, these two growth components are sensitive to distinct seasonal windows. Our study suggests that joint assessment of both leaf and stem growth is required to address productivity of forests and demonstrates that these seasonal sensitivities must be considered before combining and interpreting these two metrics.
Journal Article