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Research summary: When faced with a new technological paradigm, incumbent firms can opt for internal development and/or external sourcing to obtain the necessary new knowledge. We explain how the effectiveness of external knowledge sourcing depends on the properties of internal knowledge production. We apply a social network lens to delineate interpersonal, intra-firm knowledge networks and capture the emergence of two important firm-level properties: the incumbent's internal potential for knowledge recombination and the level of knowledge coordination costs. We rely on firm-level internal knowledge networks to dynamically track the emergence of these properties across 106 global pharmaceutical companies over a 25-year time period. We find that a firm's success in developing knowledge in a new technological paradigm using external knowledge sourcing is contingent on these internal knowledge properties. Managerial summary: Incumbent firms in high-tech industries often face competence-destroying technological change. In their effort to adapt and develop new knowledge in a novel paradigm, incumbent firms have several corporate strategy options available to them: internal knowledge development and a wide array of external knowledge sourcing strategies, including alliances and acquisitions. In this study, we make an effort to address a critical question: How effective is external knowledge sourcing under different internal knowledge generation regimes? We find that external sourcing strategies are less effective when firms can already internally generate new knowledge or if they have high internal coordination costs. Therefore, when considering external sourcing, managers must carefully weigh the benefits of it vis-à-vis its commensurate costs as the benefits of external sourcing may be overstated.

\"Focus on the clinically relevant aspects of anatomy and bridge normal anatomy to common clinical conditions with Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 4th Edition. This easy-to-read, visually stunning text features nearly 600 superb Netter-style illustrations that provide essential descriptions of anatomy, embryology, and pathology to help you understand their clinical relevance. Authored by John Hansen, PhD, an Honored Member of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists, this book is an ideal anatomy reference for students who want to make the most of their study time or need a concise review of clinical anatomy\"-- Publisher's description.

Research Summary: We advance an integrative model in which distinct types of technological discontinuities (core‐knowledge vs. complementary‐asset) are combined with different appropriability regimes (strong vs. weak) to predict competitive and cooperative dynamics between incumbents and entrants. We posit that incumbents ally with entrants following a core‐knowledge discontinuity when the appropriability regime is strong. When the appropriability regime is weak, incumbents are more likely to acquire entrants. We submit that the additional consideration of complementary‐asset discontinuities reveals a more integrated theoretical model of competition and cooperation between incumbents and entrants. In particular, incumbents tend to cooperate among themselves following complementary‐asset discontinuities, although we highlight theoretical nuances due to different appropriability regimes. We provide falsifiable propositions, and introduce contingencies such as firm‐level heterogeneity and time dynamics. Managerial Summary: Interfirm cooperation is one possible avenue for existing firms to address the challenge of responding to discontinuous technological changes. What is not clear, however, is who should the incumbent ally with: other incumbents or new entrants? We provide an integrative framework to help managers to decide when to cooperate with competitors and when to cooperate with new entrants. When the core knowledge of incumbent firms is made obsolete by technological advances and intellectual property is fairly well protected, managers of existing firms should search out collaboration with new entrants. If intellectual property protection is weak, managers of incumbents firms are better off acquiring new entrants. When the downstream complementary resources such manufacturing, distribution, and sales are replaced by radically new technologies, then incumbents best option is cooperate with other incumbents in order to compete against new entrants.

Developing a three‐dimensional (3D) lithofacies model from boreholes is critical for providing a coherent understanding of complex subsurface geology, which is essential for groundwater studies. This study aims to introduce a new geostatistical method—interval kriging—to efficiently conduct 3D borehole‐based lithological modeling with sand/non‐sand binary indicators. Interval kriging is a best linear unbiased estimator for irregular interval supports. Interval kriging considers 3D anisotropies between two orthogonal components—a horizontal plane and a vertical axis. A new 3D interval semivariogram is developed. To cope with the nonconvexity of estimation variance, the minimization of estimation variance is regulated with an additional regularization term. The minimization problem is solved by a global‐local genetic algorithm embedded with quadratic programming and Brent's method to obtain kriging weights and kriging length. Four numerical and real‐world case studies demonstrate that interval kriging is more computationally efficient than 3D kriging because the covariance matrix is largely reduced without sacrificing borehole data. Moreover, interval kriging produces more realistic geologic characteristics than 2.5D kriging, while conditional to spatial borehole data. Compared to the multiple‐point statistics (MPS) algorithm—SNESIM, interval kriging can reproduce the geological architecture and spatial connectivity of channel‐type features, meanwhile producing tabular‐type features with better connectivity. Because the regularization term constrains kriged value toward 0 or 1, interval kriging produces more certainty in sand/non‐sand classification than 2.5D kriging, 3D kriging, and SNESIM. In conclusion, interval kriging is an effective and efficient 3D geostatistical algorithm that can capture the 3D structural complexity while significantly reducing computational time. Plain Language Summary Three‐dimensional (3D) computer models of sand and clay layers, using borehole data, help understand geology to support groundwater studies. This study introduces a new statistical method, interval kriging, to efficiently create 3D models of rock types based on borehole data. Interval kriging uses rock types and rock thickness information of boreholes to provide reasonable guesses on rock types and rock thicknesses at specified locations. Interval kriging can account for differences in directionality between horizontal and vertical dimensions. A new mathematical formula for the differences in directionality is developed. Also, a specialized computer code is developed to estimate rock types and rock thicknesses. The findings from four numerical and real‐world case studies show that interval kriging is faster than 3D kriging and produces more realistic geological features than 2.5D kriging. Additionally, interval kriging represents channel‐type of geological patterns and generates tabular‐type patterns presenting better connectivity than the multiple‐point statistics (MPS) algorithm, SNESIM. Furthermore, the probability fields generated by interval kriging provide more certainty compared to 2.5D kriging, 3D kriging, and the MPS algorithm. Interval kriging offers a significant advantage for studying complex geological structures because the method can efficiently reproduce realistic geological structures based on boreholes. Key Points An improved 3D kriging method is presented for irregular interval supports to efficiently perform complex lithofacies modeling A new nested 3D irregular interval semivariogram is derived for modeling 3D anisotropies A best linear unbiased estimator is from minimizing regularized estimation variance using a global‐local embedded genetic algorithm

Although one tenet in the alliance literature is that firms learn from prior experience, we posit that any potential learning effects depend on the type of experience. In particular, we hypothesize that alliance exploitation experience has positive effects on R&D project performance, while alliance exploration experience has negative effects. We further posit that an internal exploration competence allows firms to leverage their external exploitation experience more fully. In contrast, when firms combine internal exploitation experience with external exploration experience, the negative effects on R&D project performance become more pronounced. To test this integrative model of organizational learning, we leverage a unique and detailed dataset of 412 R&D projects in biotechnology conducted by large pharmaceutical companies between 1980 and 2000. Using a competing risk event history model predicting successful product approval versus project termination, we find support for our theoretical model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

يتناول كتاب (علم النفس الإنساني) والذي قام بتأليفه (فرانك سيفيرين) في حوالي (442) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (علم النفس) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : الجزء الأول : طبيعة الإنسان، الجزء الثاني : العلم ودراسة الإنسان، الجزء الثالث : علم النفس والقيم الإنسانية، وقد صدر هذا الكتاب عن مكتبة الأنجلو المصرية بالقاهرة بجمهورية مصر العربية.

A randomized, multicenter trial that compared endovascular repair with open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm showed no significant difference between these approaches in overall survival after 8 years.