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101 شئ تعلمتة في قسم العمارة
\"101 شيء تعلمته في قسم العمارة\" هو كتاب موجه للمهندسين وطلاب العمارة، ويتميز الكتاب عن غيره لما فيه من شرح واضح وبسيط بلغة سهلة لكل ما يبدو معقدا في مادة العمارة، تخوض محتويات الكتاب المئة وواحد في كل من التصميم، الرسم، ووسائل الإظهار من بساطة درس \"كيفية رسم خط\" إلى تعقيد نظريات الألوان وتزودنا دروس الكتاب بمبادئ تحتاجها العمارة في أدبياتها، حيث يرسخ بعض المفاهيم التي تركت مفتوحة ومبهمة في دروس العمارة، يعد هذا الكتاب مرجع مهم إلى الأساسيات لكل من يواجه مشكلة تصميمية معقدة.
BOOK
Gatherer ancestry associated with national happiness
Efforts to improve human emotional wellbeing through economic growth have seen varied success. One interpretation of the lack of wellbeing returns to economic growth is that humans may have been more emotionally suited to patterns of life in pre-agricultural societies. This study examines the hypothesis, dating to Rousseau, that descendants of hunter-gatherer societies have higher levels of subjective wellbeing. It utilizes data from 1265 small scale societies in the Murdock Ethnographic Atlas to construct a country-level measure of gatherer ancestry. Average country-level happiness and life satisfaction were derived from the World Values Survey which covered 104 countries from 1981-2014. Gatherer ancestry was significantly associated with happiness, controlling for contemporary income per capita (beta = 13.58; standard error = 3.0, R2 = 11.8%, p < 0.01). Results were robust to an extensive list of historical and contemporary controls. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that gatherer lifestyle organization may hold insights for human emotional wellbeing.
Journal Article
Machine Learning–Guided Adjuvant Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer
Postoperative chemoradiation is the standard of care for cancers with positive margins or extracapsular extension, but the benefit of chemotherapy is unclear for patients with other intermediate risk features.
To evaluate whether machine learning models could identify patients with intermediate-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who would benefit from chemoradiation.
This cohort study included patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2016. Patients had resected disease and underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Analysis was performed from October 1, 2019, through September 1, 2020. Patients were selected from the National Cancer Database, a hospital-based registry that captures data from more than 70% of newly diagnosed cancers in the United States. Three machine learning survival models were trained using 80% of the cohort, with the remaining 20% used to assess model performance.
Receipt of adjuvant chemoradiation or radiation alone.
Patients who received treatment recommended by machine learning models were compared with those who did not. Overall survival for treatment according to model recommendations was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included frequency of recommendation for chemotherapy and chemotherapy benefit in patients recommended for chemoradiation vs radiation alone.
A total of 33 527 patients (24 189 [72%] men; 28 036 [84%] aged ≤70 years) met the inclusion criteria. Median follow-up in the validation data set was 43.2 (interquartile range, 19.8-65.5) months. DeepSurv, neural multitask logistic regression, and survival forest models recommended chemoradiation for 17 589 (52%), 15 917 (47%), and 14 912 patients (44%), respectively. Treatment according to model recommendations was associated with a survival benefit, with a hazard ratio of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.85; P < .001) for DeepSurv, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.77-0.90; P < .001) for neural multitask logistic regression, and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.98; P = .01) for random survival forest models. No survival benefit for chemotherapy was seen for patients recommended to receive radiotherapy alone.
These findings suggest that machine learning models may identify patients with intermediate risk who could benefit from chemoradiation. These models predicted that approximately half of such patients have no added benefit from chemotherapy.
Journal Article
Disparities in COVID-19 fatalities among working Californians
Information on U.S. COVID-19 mortality rates by occupation is limited. We aimed to characterize 2020 COVID-19 fatalities among working Californians to inform preventive strategies.
We identified laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 fatalities with dates of death in 2020 by matching death certificates to the state's COVID-19 case registry. Working status for decedents aged 18-64 years was determined from state employment records, death certificates, and case registry data and classified as \"confirmed working,\" \"likely working,\" or \"not working.\" We calculated age-adjusted overall and occupation-specific COVID-19 mortality rates using 2019 American Community Survey denominators.
COVID-19 accounted for 8,050 (9.9%) of 81,468 fatalities among Californians 18-64 years old. Of these decedents, 2,486 (30.9%) were matched to state employment records and classified as \"confirmed working.\" The remainder were classified as \"likely working\" (n = 4,121 [51.2%]) or \"not working\" (n = 1,443 [17.9%]) using death certificate and case registry data. Confirmed and likely working COVID-19 decedents were predominantly male (76.3%), Latino (68.7%), and foreign-born (59.6%), with high school or less education (67.9%); 7.8% were Black. The overall age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rate was 30.0 per 100,000 workers (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.3-30.8). Workers in nine occupational groups had age-adjusted mortality rates higher than this overall rate, including those in farming (78.0; 95% CI, 68.7-88.2); material moving (77.8; 95% CI, 70.2-85.9); construction (62.4; 95% CI, 57.7-67.4); production (60.2; 95% CI, 55.7-65.0); and transportation (57.2; 95% CI, 52.2-62.5) occupations. While occupational differences in mortality were evident across demographic groups, mortality rates were three-fold higher for male compared with female workers and three- to seven-fold higher for Latino and Black workers compared with Asian and White workers.
Californians in manual labor and in-person service occupations experienced disproportionate COVID-19 mortality, with the highest rates observed among male, Latino, and Black workers; these occupational group should be prioritized for prevention.
Journal Article
Demographic changes in COVID-19 mortality during the pandemic: analysis of trends in disparities among workers using California’s mortality surveillance system
Background
There is limited information on the extent and patterns of disparities in COVID-19 mortality throughout the pandemic. We aimed to examine trends in disparities by demographics over variants in the pre- and post-vaccine availability period among Californian workers using a social determinants of health lens.
Methods
Using death certificates, we identified all COVID-19 deaths that occurred between January 2020 and May 2022 among workers aged 18–64 years in California (CA). We derived estimates for at-risk worker populations using the Current Population Survey. The waves of COVID-19 mortality in the pre-vaccine availability period were March 2020-June 2020 (wave 1), and July 2020-November 2020 (wave 2), and in the post-vaccine availability period: December 2020-May 2021 (wave 3), June 2021-January 2022 (wave 4), and February 2022-May 2022 (wave 5). Poisson regression models with robust standard errors were used to determine wave-specific mortality rate ratios (MRRs). We examined the change in MRR across waves by including an interaction term between each demographic characteristic and wave period in different models. The role of potential misclassification of Race/ethnicity on death certificates was examined using probabilistic quantitative bias analysis as sensitivity analysis.
Results
Among the 24.1 million working age CA population included in the study, there were 26,068 COVID-19 deaths in the period between January 2020 and May 2022. Compared with their respective reference groups, workers who were 50–64 years old, male, Native Hawaiian, Latino, or African American, foreign-born; individuals who had lower education; and unmarried were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 mortality. While disparities by sex, race/ethnicity and foreign-born status narrowed in later waves (post-vaccine availability), disparities by age, education level and marital status did not change substantially across waves.
Conclusion
Demographic disparities in COVID-19 mortality narrowed in the post-vaccine availability waves. However, the existence of disparities across all waves of the pandemic, even in an era of widespread vaccine coverage, could indicate remaining gaps in prevention and differential vulnerability. Addressing the underlying social, structural, and occupational factors that contribute to these disparities is critical for achieving health equity.
Journal Article
Travel advice for the immunocompromised traveler: prophylaxis, vaccination, and other preventive measures
Immunocompromised patients are traveling at increasing rates. Physicians caring for these complex patients must be knowledgeable in pretravel consultation and recognize when referral to an infectious disease specialist is warranted. This article outlines disease prevention associated with international travel for adults with human immunodeficiency virus, asplenia, solid organ and hematopoietic transplantation, and other immunosuppressed states. While rates of infection may not differ significantly between healthy and immunocompromised travelers, the latter are at greater risk for severe disease. A thorough assessment of these risks can ensure safe and healthy travel. The travel practitioners' goal should be to provide comprehensive risk information and recommend appropriate vaccinations or prevention measures tailored to each patient's condition. In some instances, live vaccines and prophylactic medications may be contraindicated.
Journal Article
Seroprevalence Study of Conserved Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Antigens in Globally Diverse Populations
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are common causes of infectious diarrhea among young children of low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and travelers to these regions. Despite their significant contributions to the morbidity and mortality associated with childhood and traveler’s diarrhea, no licensed vaccines are available. Current vaccine strategies may benefit from the inclusion of additional conserved antigens, which may contribute to broader coverage and enhanced efficacy, given their key roles in facilitating intestinal colonization and effective enterotoxin delivery. EatA and EtpA are widely conserved in diverse populations of ETEC, but their immunogenicity has only been studied in controlled human infection models and a population of children in Bangladesh. Here, we compared serologic responses to EatA, EtpA and heat-labile toxin in populations from endemic regions including Haitian children and subjects residing in Egypt, Cameroon, and Peru to US children and adults where ETEC infections are sporadic. We observed elevated IgG and IgA responses in individuals from endemic regions to each of the antigens studied. In a cohort of Haitian children, we observed increased immune responses following exposure to each of the profiled antigens. These findings reflect the wide distribution of ETEC infections across multiple endemic regions and support further evaluation of EatA and EtpA as candidate ETEC vaccine antigens.
Journal Article
101 things I learned in architecture school
Concise lessons in design, drawing, the creative process, and presentation, from the basics of \"How to Draw a Line\" to the complexities of color theory.This is a book that students of architecture will want to keep in the studio and in their backpacks. It is also a book they may want to keep out of view of their professors, for it expresses in clear and simple language things that tend to be murky and abstruse in the classroom. These 101 concise lessons in design, drawing, the creative process, and presentation-from the basics of \"How to Draw a Line\" to the complexities of color theory-provide a much-needed primer in architectural literacy, making concrete what too often is left nebulous or open-ended in the architecture curriculum. Each lesson utilizes a two-page format, with a brief explanation and an illustration that can range from diagrammatic to whimsical. The lesson on \"How to Draw a Line\" is illustrated by examples of good and bad lines; a lesson on the dangers of awkward floor level changes shows the television actor Dick Van Dyke in the midst of a pratfall; a discussion of the proportional differences between traditional and modern buildings features a drawing of a building split neatly in half between the two. Written by an architect and instructor who remembers well the fog of his own student days, 101 Things I Learned in Architecture School provides valuable guideposts for navigating the design studio and other classes in the architecture curriculum. Architecture graduates-from young designers to experienced practitioners-will turn to the book as well, for inspiration and a guide back to basics when solving a complex design problem.
eBook
Bellevue Park: The Suburb Beautiful and Enduring
City Beautiful leader J. Horace McFarland and Herman Miller, working with landscape designer and urban planner Warren Manning, conceived and developed Bellevue Park in the 1910s and 1920s as Pennsylvania's first fully planned suburban community at the eastern edge of Harrisburg's city limits. They committed to creating a stylistically consistent and rationally designed environment, focus on preserving and enhancing the natural landscape, belief in the power of natural and human-made beauty to uplift, and preference for neoclassical Colonial Revival forms. McFarland, Miller, and Manning—joined by the new neighborhood's first residents—applied City Beautiful approaches and values previously applied to civic and other public spaces to a new sphere: the private and domestic.
Journal Article
Faith in Beauty and Progress: Temple Beth El
In the 1920s Harrisburg's acculturated Reform and Conservative Jews found in City Beautiful aesthetics and ideals the architecture and ideology appropriate for expressing publicly their cultural identity as thoroughly modern Americans and Jews. Temple Beth El and Temple Ohev Sholom, both built on Front Street in uptown Harrisburg, stand as the ultimate material outcome and testimony to the synergistic interweaving of early twentieth century American and Jewish progressivism. A book commemorating Temple Beth El's 1928 dedication, produced by J. Horace McFarland's Mount Pleasant Press in 1930, documents in word and image connections between the founding of the congregation, the building of its temple, and the sensibilities and goals of the City Beautiful movement.
Journal Article