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"Friis, Ib"
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Intricate Networks in Nomenclature: Cases of Naming in Arthrocaulon, Arthrocnemum, and Salicornia (Amaranthaceae)
The nomenclatural status and typification of the names Arthrocaulon macrostachyum, Salicornia fruticosa, S. fruticosa var. deflexa, S. fruticosa var. glaucescens, S. fruticosa var. intermedia, S. fruticosa var. humilis, S. fruticosa var. pachystachya, S. fruticulosa, S. glauca, S. lignosa, S. macrostachya var. virescens, S. macrostachya var. glaucescens, S. perennis, S. radicans, S. radicans var. caespitosa, S. sarmentosa, S. sempervirens, and S. virginica, as well as an unnamed β-variety of S. fruticosa proposed by A. Bertoloni, are investigated. Concerning A. macrostachyum, we document that the type indicated in literature (G00177362) is not a holotype, and that lectotypification is necessary. A specimen from G (G00687638) is here designated as a lectotype. On the level of variety, Arthrocnemum fruticosum var. macrostachyum is an earlier legitimate name for Salicornia fruticosa var. pachystachya. Furthermore, Piirainen et al. are incorrect when citing Forsskål’s “Salicornia” from Alexandria as “S. virginica Forssk.”; it is not a new name and should be cited as S. virginica auct. non L., as published in Forsskål’s Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. Like with numerous other parallel cases in Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, Forsskål’s designation of “Salicornia virginica” for an Arabian plant is to be considered a misapplication of the earlier Linnaean name for an American plant. Arthrocnemum glaucum (a nomen illegitimum of Ungern-Sternberg), was listed as type species of Arthrocnemum by the Names in Current Use project; the basionym, Salicornia glauca Delile, is here lectotypified and identified as Arthrocaulon meridionale, published by Ramirez et al. Updated synonymies of Arthrocaulon macrostachyum, A. meridionale, Salicornia fruticosa, and S. perennis are proposed. Salicornia sempervirens is an invalid name according to Art. 36.1a of ICN. No original material was found for S. radicans var. caespitosa. This paper also refer to lecto- or neotypifications on specimens deposited at BM, G, LINN-HS, LY, MPU, NAP, and PAL, and their current taxonomic positions are suggested in a taxonomic part of the paper.
Journal Article
Paraphyly of the genus Boehmeria (Urticaceae)
Boehmeria, as currently circumscribed, comprises 52 species and has a pantropical distribution. Liang et al. propose a sectional classification of Boehmeria based on the phylogenetic analysis of SNP data for 20 species and an additional 10 subspecific taxa of these at the rank of variety or form. They restrict their sampling to species documented in China. We found many shortcomings in the sampling and analyses which we feel have resulted in a misleading phylogeny for the genus and the economically important fibre-plant, Boehmeria nivea. By sampling only Chinese species of this genus for their in-group and using a single distantly related outgroup, Liang et al. have failed to capture the diversity of the genus and so erroneously concluded that it forms a monophyletic group. Previous published research clearly demonstrates that Boehmeria is paraphyletic and polyphyletic, comprising at least four monophyletic groupings most closely related to several genera within the Boehmerieae. For these reasons, the sections that Liang et al. (Ind Crops Prod 148:112092, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112092) propose for Boehmeria are not effective tools for its classification. The important fibreplant, Boehmeria nivea, should therefore not be considered as part of the genus Boehmeria for the purposes of crop breeding, but as sister to Archiboehmeria. Breeding programmes for ramie should therefore focus on populations and germplasm of Archiboehmeria atrata. We conclude that poor taxon sampling, overlooking relevant molecular and taxonomic literature, internal conflict within their SNP data and the overinterpretation of low support values has resulted in the erroneous conclusion that Boehmeria represents a monophyletic or ‘natural’ genus.
Journal Article
Floristic diversity in fragmented Afromontane rainforests: Altitudinal variation and conservation importance
Question: How does the floristic diversity of Afromontane rainforests change along an altitudinal gradient? What are the implications for conservation planning in these strongly fragmented forest areas that form part of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot? Location: Bonga, southwestern Ethiopia. Methods: Based on evidence from other montane forests, we hypothesized that altitude has an effect on the floristic diversity of Afromontane rainforests in southwestern Ethiopia. To test this hypothesis, detailed vegetation surveys were carried out in 62 study plots located in four relatively undisturbed forest fragments situated at altitudes between 1600 m and 2300 m. Floristic diversity was evaluated using a combination of multivariate statistical analyses and diversity indices. Results: Ordination and indicator species analyses showed gradual variations in floristic diversity along the altitudinal gradient with a pronounced shift in species composition at ca. 1830 m. Upper montane forest (> 1830 m) is characterized by high fern diversity and indicator species that are Afromontane endemics. Lower montane forest (< 1830 m) exhibits a greater diversity of tree species and a higher abundance of the flagship species Coffea arabica. Conclusions: Our results provide crucial ecological background information concerning the montane rainforests of Ethiopia, which have been poorly studied until now. We conclude that both forest types identified during this study need to be considered for conservation because of their particular species compositions. Owing to the high degree of forest fragmentation, conservation concepts should consider a multi-site approach with at least two protected areas at different altitudinal levels.
Journal Article
The lectotypification of two names referred by Linnaeus to the genus Illecebrum (Caryophyllales)
Linnaeus had a broad concept of Illecebrum and, based on the current circumscription wherein the genus is considered monotypic, only one out of the seventeen names Linnaeus treated in combination with Illecebrum – I. verticillatum – remains in the genus. The other sixteen names are now referred to other genera of both Caryophyllaceae (Chaetonychia, Paronychia, Polycarpon), and Amaranthaceae (Achyranthes, Aerva, Althernanthera, Blutaparon, Nothosaerva). Two of the species referred to Illecebrum by Linnaeus have remained to be investigated from a nomenclatural point of view, I. bengalense and I. javanicum. Illecebrum bengalense is here lectotypified with a specimen preserved at LINN and is placed in synonymy with Nothosaerva brachiata. Illecebrum javanicum, based on Iresine javanica, is lectotypified with a Burman illustration. The name Aerva tomentosa is placed in synonymy of Iresine javanica.
Journal Article
Terminalia (Combretaceae) in northern tropical Africa
Since M.E. Griffiths in 1959 published a revision of the African species of Terminalia, it has been accepted that a species referred to as T. glaucescens occurs across the continent from the Atlantic coast of West Africa to Ethiopia, and our study confirms this. However, the nomenclatural history of a name competing for priority, T. schimperiana, has not been sorted out. Terminalia glaucescens is used for plants in West and Central Africa, while T. schimperiana is used for plants in the Sudan, South Sudan and Ethiopia. According to the Code, T. schimperiana was effectively and validly published on printed labels with the Schimper exsiccata Iter Abyssinicum III 1638, which was distributed between March and December, 1844, while T. glaucescens was published in 1849. Terminalia schimperiana therefore has priority and should be used for the species throughout its range. The history of the type collection of T. schimperiana is outlined. Lectotypes are selected for both names and for other synonyms. Terminalia avicennioides is also dealt with, as the two species were initially confused. The type of T. avicennioides is lost; the name is lectotypified with the original illustration, which, even in combination with the original description, does not show sufficient characters to distinguish the species from other Terminalia in the region. An epitype agreeing with the current delimitation of T. avicennioides is therefore also selected.
Journal Article
Correction to Hepper and Friis's analysis of \Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica: Nepeta nepetellae\ Forssk. (Lamiaceae)
The name Nepeta nepetellae has been accepted in Carl Christensen's standard index to Forsskål's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, listed in Index Kewensis and IPNI, listed as an accepted name in The Plant List and accepted in Hepper and Friis's revision of the plants of Forsskål's Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica. If accepted, N. nepetellae may threaten names in current use in Arabia and Africa. However, the name is so similar to the earlier N. nepetella L. that the two names are likely to be confused. Nepeta nepetellae is rejected as a later illegitimate homonym of N. nepetella, which will remove the threat to the currently used names and clarify a complex nomenclatural situation, which has confused several previous authors on the subject. The meanings of asterisked names in Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica and their bearing for N. nepetellae are briefly reviewed.
Journal Article
Current and Future Fire Regimes and Their Influence on Natural Vegetation in Ethiopia
Fire is a major factor shaping the distribution of vegetation types. In this study, we used a recent high resolution map of potential natural vegetation (PNV) types and MODIS fire products to model and investigate the importance of fire as driver of vegetation distribution patterns in Ethiopia. We employed statistical modeling techniques to estimate the distribution of fire and the PNVs under current climatic conditions, and used the calibrated models to project distributions for different climate change scenarios. Results show a clear congruence between distribution patterns of fire and major vegetation types. The effect of climate change varies considerably between climate change models and scenarios, but as general trend expansions of moist Afromontane forest and Combretum–Terminalia woodlands were predicted. Fire-prone areas were also predicted to increase, and including this factor in vegetation distribution models resulted in stronger expansion of Combretum–Terminalia woodlands and a more limited increase of moist Afromontane forests. These results underline the importance of fire as a regulating factor of vegetation distribution patterns, and how fire needs to be factored into predict the possible effects of climate change. For conservation strategies to effectively address conservation challenges caused by rapid climate shifts, it is imperative that they not only consider the direct influence of climate changes on the vegetation, species species, or biodiversity patterns, but also the influence of future fire regimes.
Journal Article