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أهلا بالعالم : ان تكون إنسانا في عصر الخوارزميات
يتحدث هذا الكتاب في صميمه عن البشر، إنه عن من نحن ؟ وإلى أين نحن ذاهبون ؟ وما المهم بالنسبة لنا ؟ وكيف يتغير ذلك من خلال التكنولوجيا ؟. إنه عن علاقتنا بالخوارزميات الموجودة بالفعل، التي تعمل معنا جنبا إلى جنب، وتسلط فيه المؤلفة (هانا فراي) الضوء على قدراتنا وتصحح أخطائنا وتحل مشاكلنا، وتخلق مشاكل جديدة على طول الطريق. إنه عن التساؤل إن كان لخوارزم صافية على مجتمع ما ؟ عن متى عليك أن تثق في الآلة أكثر من حكمك الشخصي ؟ ومتى عليك أن تقاوم إغراء ترك الزمام لها ؟. إنه عن تفكيك الخوارزميات وإيجاد حدودها، والنظر في أعماق أنفسنا لنجد حدودنا. إنه عن فصل الضار عن النافع، وتحديد نوع العالم الذي نود العيش فيه. لأن المستقبل لا يحدث من تلقاء نفسه، نحن من نصنعه.
Book
Personal Factors Associated with Satisfaction in Labor Market Participation Among Cancer Survivors
Purpose: To investigate personal factors that correlate with satisfaction with labor market participation (SLMP) among cancer survivors who continue experiencing barriers to employment in remission and are considered to have a disability under the ADA Amendments Act of 2008. The following research question was explored: Which personal factors are associated with the SLMP of cancer survivors? Methods: Participants were recruited through convenience sampling from the crowdsourcing platform, Prolific, and invited to complete an online survey. Multiple linear regression examined the association between cancer survivors' SLMP and personal factors. Results: Age was a positive predator of SLMP ([[beta].sub.j] =0.11; p < .05) hereas not being married ([[beta].sub.j] = -2.36; p < .05), unemployed) ([[beta].sub.j]= -7.85; p < .01), and higher functional score (i.e., lower functional ability; [[beta].sub.j] = -0.33; p < .001) were negative predictors. The interaction between having completed a degree in secondary education and being self-employed was a positive predictor ([[beta].sub.j] = 16.43; p < .05) of SLMP, meaning that SLMP were higher for people who completed at least some postsecondary education and reported being self-employed. The relationship is relatively large and may hold practical significance with an adjusted [R.sup.2] = 0.338 with an F-statistic of 5.928 (p < .001). Conclusions: Results from this exploratory study provide insight into possible correlates of SLMP. Keywords: Cancer survivors, vocational rehabilitation, satisfaction with labor market participation, self-employment
Journal Article
Comparative studies of 2168 plasma proteins measured by two affinity-based platforms in 4000 Chinese adults
Proteomics offers unique insights into human biology and drug development, but few studies have directly compared the utility of different proteomics platforms. We measured plasma levels of 2168 proteins in 3976 Chinese adults using both Olink Explore and SomaScan platforms. The correlation of protein levels between platforms was modest (median rho = 0.29), with protein abundance and data quality parameters being key factors influencing correlation. For 1694 proteins with one-to-one matched reagents, 765 Olink and 513 SomaScan proteins had
cis
-pQTLs, including 400 with colocalising
cis
-pQTLs. Moreover, 1096 Olink and 1429 SomaScan proteins were associated with BMI, while 279 and 154 proteins were associated with risk of ischaemic heart disease, respectively. Addition of Olink and SomaScan proteins to conventional risk factors for ischaemic heart disease improved C-statistics from 0.845 to 0.862 (NRI: 12.2%) and 0.863 (NRI: 16.4%), respectively. These results demonstrate the utility of these platforms and could inform the design and interpretation of future studies.
Many recent proteomics studies use either Olink or SomaScan platforms to quantify proteins in high-throughput, but the consistency between the two is unclear. Here, the authors measure proteins in the same samples using both platforms, finding only modest correlation, and compare associations with genetic variants and disease.
Journal Article
A mathematical model of the London riots and their policing
In August 2011, several areas of London experienced episodes of large-scale disorder, comprising looting, rioting and violence. Much subsequent discourse has questioned the adequacy of the police response, in terms of the resources available and strategies used. In this article, we present a mathematical model of the spatial development of the disorder, which can be used to examine the effect of varying policing arrangements. The model is capable of simulating the general emergent patterns of the events and focusses on three fundamental aspects: the apparently-contagious nature of participation; the distances travelled to riot locations; and the deterrent effect of policing. We demonstrate that the spatial configuration of London places some areas at naturally higher risk than others, highlighting the importance of spatial considerations when planning for such events. We also investigate the consequences of varying police numbers and reaction time, which has the potential to guide policy in this area.
Journal Article
Spatio-temporal patterns of IED usage by the Provisional Irish Republican Army
In this paper, a unique dataset of improvised explosive device attacks during “The Troubles” in Northern Ireland (NI) is analysed via a Hawkes process model. It is found that this past dependent model is a good fit to improvised explosive device attacks yielding key insights about the nature of terrorism in NI. We also present a novel approach to quantitatively investigate some of the sociological theory surrounding the Provisional Irish Republican Army which challenges previously held assumptions concerning changes seen in the organisation. Finally, we extend our use of the Hawkes process model by considering a multidimensional version which permits both self and mutual-excitations. This allows us to test how the Provisional Irish Republican Army responded to past improvised explosive device attacks on different geographical scales from which we find evidence for the autonomy of the organisation over the six counties of NI and Belfast. By incorporating a second dataset concerning British Security Force (BSF) interventions, the multidimensional model allows us to test counter-terrorism (CT) operations in NI where we find subsequent increases in violence.
Journal Article
Decision-Making Scores and Hunger Susceptibility: A Positive Correlation Mediated by Fasting FGF21 Independently of Body Fat
Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between metabolism and eating behavior may improve how we treat and prevent obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver with a putative role in energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight regulation. In this secondary analysis, we studied how fasting FGF21 is correlated with eating behavior and decision making, as measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), respectively. Methods: Participants (n = 98; women = 19; white = 31) were medically healthy, between 18 and 55 years of age, weight-stable 6 months before admission, and had normal glucose regulation. Women were premenopausal and not pregnant. Pearson partial correlations were determined, accounting for age, sex, and body fat percentage. A mediation analysis examining whether the association between hunger and IGT score was mediated by FGF21 values was performed using general linear models. Results: In partial correlations adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage, we found that fasting FGF21 concentrations were positively correlated with hunger susceptibility (sum of internal and external cues) (partial r = 0.26, p = 0.02) and internal hunger (partial r = 0.22, p = 0.04), disinhibition (partial r = 0.27, p = 0.01), and better decision making (higher IGT scores) (partial r = 0.40, p = 0.0001). We also found a correlation between hunger susceptibility and better decision making, including the same covariates (partial r = 0.25, p = 0.03). However, this correlation was mediated (36%) by fasting FGF21. Conclusions: In this study, participants with greater susceptibility to hunger cues had higher IGT scores (better decision making) in the setting of higher fasting FGF21 concentrations. This provides further evidence of the role of FGF21 in the interplay between eating behavior and decision making. Further studying this topic may improve our understanding of the complex relationship between assessing energy requirements and cognitive processes related to eating behavior.
Journal Article
Employment-Related Assistive Technology Needs in Autistic Adults: A Mixed-Methods Study
Background: Assistive technology (AT) can support autistic adults in navigating employment-related challenges. However, limited research has explored autistic adults’ actual needs and experiences with AT in the workplace. Existing studies often overlook how well current AT solutions align with the real-world demands autistic adults face across the employment process. To address this gap, this study conducted a needs assessment to explore autistic adults’ perceived AT and AT service needs across employment stages, identify satisfaction and discontinuation patterns, and examine barriers and facilitators to effective use. Methods: A total of 501 autistic adults were recruited through an online crowdsourcing platform, Prolific. Participants completed a needs assessment that included Likert-scale items and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and weighted needs scoring procedures. Thematic analysis was applied to qualitative responses regarding satisfaction, discontinuation, and general reflections on AT use. Results: Job retention received the highest total weighted needs score, followed closely by skill development and job performance. Participants reported lower perceived needs for AT in the job development and placement domain. Qualitative findings revealed that AT was described as essential for daily functioning and independence, but barriers such as limited access, inadequate training, and social stigma affected use. Participants also emphasized the need for more person-centered and context-specific AT services. Conclusions: AT has the potential to significantly enhance employment outcomes for autistic adults. However, current services often lack personalization and alignment with real-world needs. Findings support the development of more inclusive, tailored, and accessible AT solutions across all employment stages.
Journal Article
Spatially clustered count data provide more efficient search strategies in invasion biology and disease control
Geographic profiling, a mathematical model originally developed in criminology, is increasingly being used in ecology and epidemiology. Geographic profiling boasts a wide range of applications, such as finding source populations of invasive species or breeding sites of vectors of infectious disease. The model provides a cost-effective approach for prioritizing search strategies for source locations and does so via simple data in the form of the positions of each observation, such as individual sightings of invasive species or cases of a disease. In doing so, however, classic geographic profiling approaches fail to make the distinction between those areas containing observed absences and those areas where no data were recorded. Absence data are generated via spatial sampling protocols but are often discarded during the inference process. Here we construct a geographic profiling model that resolves these issues by making inferences via count data, analyzing a set of discrete sentinel locations at which the number of encounters has been recorded. Crucially, in our model this number can be zero. We verify the ability of this new model to estimate source locations and other parameters of practical interest via a Bayesian power analysis. We also measure model performance via real-world data in which the model infers breeding locations of mosquitoes in bromeliads in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA. In both cases, our novel model produces more efficient search strategies by shifting focus from those areas containing observed absences to those with no data, an improvement over existing models that treat these areas equally. Our model makes important improvements upon classic geographic profiling methods, which will significantly enhance real-world efforts to develop conservation management plans and targeted interventions.
Journal Article
Proteo-genomic analyses in relatively lean Chinese adults identify proteins and pathways that affect general and central adiposity levels
Adiposity is an established risk factor for multiple diseases, but the causal relationships of different adiposity types with circulating protein biomarkers have not been systematically investigated. We examine the causal associations of general and central adiposity with 2923 plasma proteins among 3977 Chinese adults (mean BMI = 23.9 kg/m²). Genetically-predicted body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are significantly (FDR < 0.05) associated with 399, 239, 436, and 283 proteins, respectively, with 80 proteins associated with all four and 275 with only one adiposity trait. WHR is associated with the most proteins (
n
= 90) after adjusting for other adiposity traits. These associations are largely replicated in Europeans (mean BMI = 27.4 kg/m²). Two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses in East Asians using
cis
-protein quantitative trait locus (
cis
-pQTLs) identified in GWAS find 30/2 proteins significantly affect levels of BMI/WC, respectively, with 10 showing evidence of colocalisation, and seven (inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3, complement factor B, EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 15, alpha-2-antiplasmin, fibronectin, mimecan) are replicated in separate MR using different
cis
-pQTLs identified in Europeans. These findings identified potential novel mechanisms and targets, to our knowledge, for improved treatment and prevention of obesity and associated diseases.
A study in lean Chinese adults shows that general and central adiposity affects plasma levels of <650 proteins. Moreover, 31 proteins are found to influence levels of adiposity, providing potential targets for developing treatment for obesity.
Journal Article
Optimising spatial accessibility to inform rationalisation of specialist health services
Background
In an era of budget constraints for healthcare services, strategies for provision of services that improve quality whilst saving costs are highly valued. A proposed means to achieve this is consolidation of services into fewer specialist centres, but this may lead to reduced spatial accessibility. We describe a methodology which includes implementing a combinatorial optimisation algorithm to derive combinations of services which optimise spatial accessibility in the context of service rationalisation, and demonstrate its use through the exemplar of tuberculosis clinics in London.
Methods
Our methodology involves (1) identifying the spatial distribution of the patient population using the service; (2) calculating patient travel times to each service location, and (3) using a combinatorial optimisation algorithm to identify subsets of locations that minimise overall travel time. We estimated travel times for tuberculosis patients notified in London between 2010 and 2013 to each of 29 clinics in the city. Travel time estimates were derived from the Transport for London Journey Planner service. We identified the subset of clinics that would provide the shortest overall travel time for each possible number of clinic subsets (1–28).
Results
Based on the 29 existing clinic locations, mean estimated travel time to clinics used by 12,061 tuberculosis patients in London was 33 min; and mean time to their nearest clinics was 28 min. Using optimum combinations of clinic locations, and assuming that patients attended their nearest clinics, a mean travel time of less than 45 min could be achieved with three clinics; of 34 min with ten clinics, and of less than 30 min with 18 clinics.
Conclusions
We have developed a methodological approach to optimise spatial accessibility which can be used to inform rationalisation of health services. In urban conurbations, this may enable service reorganisation which increases quality and efficiency without substantially affecting spatial accessibility. This approach could be used to inform planning of service reorganisations, but may not be generalisable to rural areas or smaller urban centres.
Journal Article