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Asian agribusiness management : case studies in growth, marketing, and upgrading strategies
\"This book of case studies is designed to provide useful information for instructional purposes and for those interested in the management of Asian agribusiness. This collected volume of case studies is organized around three major themes--growth, marketing, and upgrading strategies. Many of the cases herein were used in Advanced Agribusiness Workshops jointly organized by the Asian Productivity Organization and Cornell University held in Bangkok, Manila, and Bali. Through a case study-driven approach, this book offers an opportunity for students, policymakers, and business owners to consider the impact of key trends like value-addition, urbanization, the environment, regional integration, climate change, and technology on Asian agribusinesses\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Ultrasound-guided dry needling versus traditional dry needling for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
To compare the effect of ultrasound (US)-guided dry needling (DN) with traditional DN in the treatment of pain and dysfunction for patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Eighty-four participants (61.26±5.57 years) completed the study. G1 achieved significant improvement in VAS at 8 weeks compared to G2 and G3 (G1 vs. G2: MD = -15.61, 95% CI [-25.49, -5.51], p = 0.001; G1 vs. G3: MD = -19.90, 95% CI [-29.71, -10.08], p< 0.001). G1 achieved significant improvement in KOOS-pain at 8 weeks compared to G2 and G3 (G1 vs. G2: MD = 9.76, 95% CI [2.38, 17.14], p = 0.006; G1 vs. G3: MD = 9.48, 95% CI [2.31, 16.66], p = 0.010). KOOS-symptoms and KOOS-QoL were not statistically significant between groups. G2 had no significant difference of the perceptions as G1 with p = 0.128. G2 were successfully blinded to placebo US-guided DN. US-guided DN with exercise therapy may be more effective than traditional DN with exercise therapy or exercise therapy alone in reduce pain of KOA.
Journal Article
Transition metal–catalyzed alkyl-alkyl bond formation
Chemical reactions such as Heck and Suzuki coupling facilitate access to an enormous range of relatively flat molecules. This geometrical constraint is associated with the comparative ease of linking together aryl and alkenyl carbons. Choi and Fu review recent developments in forming bonds between the more abundant alkyl carbon centers that underlie diverse molecules with complex three-dimensional structures. Nickel catalysis in particular has emerged as a powerful method to access individual mirror-image isomers selectively and thereby tune the biological properties of the targeted products. Science , this issue p. eaaf7230 Because the backbone of most organic molecules is composed primarily of carbon-carbon bonds, the development of efficient methods for their construction is one of the central challenges of organic synthesis. Transition metal–catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between organic electrophiles and nucleophiles serve as particularly powerful tools for achieving carbon-carbon bond formation. Until recently, the vast majority of cross-coupling processes had used either aryl or alkenyl electrophiles as one of the coupling partners. In the past 15 years, versatile new methods have been developed that effect cross-couplings of an array of alkyl electrophiles, thereby greatly expanding the diversity of target molecules that are readily accessible. The ability to couple alkyl electrophiles opens the door to a stereochemical dimension—specifically, enantioconvergent couplings of racemic electrophiles—that substantially enhances the already remarkable utility of cross-coupling processes.
Journal Article
Copper-catalysed enantioconvergent alkylation of oxygen nucleophiles
Carbon–oxygen bonds are commonplace in organic molecules, including chiral bioactive compounds; therefore, the development of methods for their construction with simultaneous control of stereoselectivity is an important objective in synthesis. The Williamson ether synthesis, first reported in 1850
1
, is the most widely used approach to the alkylation of an oxygen nucleophile, but it has significant limitations (scope and stereochemistry) owing to its reaction mechanism (S
N
2 pathway). Transition-metal catalysis of the coupling of an oxygen nucleophile with an alkyl electrophile has the potential to address these limitations, but progress so far has been limited
2
–
7
, especially with regard to controlling enantioselectivity. Here we establish that a readily available copper catalyst can achieve an array of enantioconvergent substitution reactions of α-haloamides, a useful family of electrophiles, by oxygen nucleophiles; the reaction proceeds under mild conditions in the presence of a wide variety of functional groups. The catalyst is uniquely effective in being able to achieve enantioconvergent alkylations of not only oxygen nucleophiles but also nitrogen nucleophiles, giving support for the potential of transition-metal catalysts to provide a solution to the pivotal challenge of achieving enantioselective alkylations of heteroatom nucleophiles.
The enantioconvergent alkylation of oxygen nucleophiles is achieved using α-haloamides and a readily available copper catalyst, and the reaction proceeds under mild conditions in the presence of a wide variety of functional groups.
Journal Article
Catalyst-controlled doubly enantioconvergent coupling of racemic alkyl nucleophiles and electrophiles
Stereochemical control in the construction of carbon-carbon bonds between an alkyl electrophile and an alkyl nucleophile is a persistent challenge in organic synthesis. Classical substitution reactions via SN1 and SN2 pathways are limited in their ability to generate carbon-carbon bonds (inadequate scope, due to side reactions such as rearrangements and eliminations) and to control stereochemistry when beginning with readily available racemic starting materials (racemic products). Here, we report a chiral nickel catalyst that couples racemic electrophiles (propargylic halides) with racemic nucleophiles (β-zincated amides) to form carbon-carbon bonds in doubly stereoconvergent processes, affording a single stereoisomer of the product from two stereochemical mixtures of reactants.
Journal Article
