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Drought severely affects the growth and development of maize, but there is a certain degree of compensation effect after rewatering. This study intends to elaborate the response mechanism of maize at the physiological and molecular level as well as excavating potential genes with strong drought resistance and recovery ability. Physiological indexes analysis demonstrated that stomata conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate, antioxidant enzymes, and proline levels in maize were significantly altered in response to drought for 60 and 96 h and rewatering for 3 days. At 60 h, 96 h, and R3d, we detected 3095, 1941, and 5966 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 221, 226, and 215 differentially expressed miRNAs. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) showed that DEGs responded to maize drought and rewatering through participating in photosynthesis, proline metabolism, ABA signaling, and oxidative stress. Joint analysis of DEGs, miRNA, and target genes showed that zma-miR529, miR5072, zma-miR167e, zma-miR167f, zma-miR167j, miR397, and miR6214 were involved to regulate SBPs, MYBs, ARFs, laccases, and antioxidant enzymes, respectively. Hundreds of differentially expressed DNA methylation-related 24-nt siRNA clusters overlap with DEGs, indicating that DNA methylation is involved in responses under drought stress. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance, and may identify new targets for breeding drought-tolerant maize lines.

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), a benign yet highly recurrent and therapy—resistant intracranial tumor, remains a considerable clinical challenge because of its complex pathological structure, infiltrative growth, and limited treatment options. Here, integrated spatially resolved multiomics is employed—including single‐cell spatial transcriptomics via CosMx SMI and spatially resolved metabolomics via AFADESI‐MSI, accompanied by bulk metabolomics and functional validation—to unravel the driving factors of ACP progression and recurrence. Analysis results reveal three interdependent biological hallmarks: first, the spatial segregation and molecular heterogeneity of 10 distinct tumor epithelial cell subpopulations within the ACP, each of which presents unique transcriptional signatures; second, in tumor regions and recurrent tumor epithelium tissues, stronger transporter‐mediated choline/ethanolamine uptake from cystic fluid and significant upregulation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) synthesis is observed, creating the enhanced “cystic fluid–tumor cell” and “choline/ethanolamine–PC/PE” metabolic axis, and demonstrating the spatial metabolic remodeling of ACP; and third, this metabolic axis directly couples to autophagy activation of corresponding regions in ACP tissue, which is validated by multi‐immunohistochemistry for Beclin1 and GABARAP. Together, these findings reveal metabolic remodeling and autophagic activation as critical drivers of ACP progression and recurrence and provide an opportunity for precise biomarker‐driven treatment of this intractable tumor. Multiomics integration analysis reveals the “cystic fluid–tumor cell” metabolic coupling that mediates active choline/ethanolamine uptake of tumor cells from cystic fluid and PC/PE synthesis pathways reprogramming that mediating autophagy pathway activation within ACP.

AbstractIn the present work, the synthesis of the target products using sodium metasulfite (Na2S2O5) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) separately as catalysts was studied. Herein, the liquid phase microwave method was chosen to synthesize triphenylamine substituted mono- and di-branched benzimidazole derivatives compared with the solid phase microwave method, and the reaction conditions were optimized using Na2S2O5 as a catalyst in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed. Ten new triphenylamine-benzimidazole derivatives were successfully synthesized. On this basis, PTSA using a catalyst was introduced into the reaction, the yields of the target products were evidently increased (the yield was enhanced 5‒22% using PTSA as a catalyst). It is found that PTSA only acted as a catalyst, while Na2S2O5 acted as both a catalyst and an oxidant, and PTSA could effectively catalyze the synthesis of benzimidazoles. Further, the luminescent properties of the synthesized compounds were comparatively studied after the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed. The results showed that the fluorescence quantum yield and the intensity of the synthesized compounds were enhanced with the increase in the number of substituted benzimidazole on triphenylamine, and the different substituents on 5-position of benzimidazole also have significant effect on the luminescent properties of the compound.Graphic Abstract

An efficient strategy for synthesizing of 3-substituted bis-isoxazole ether bearing 2-chloro-3-pyridyl under microwave radiation was reported. The reactive regioselectivity was improved by changing mainly the solvent and acid-binding agent. 3-(2-Chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-(((3-substituted phenyl isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)methyl)isoxazoles were synthesized in 31–92% yields and were characterized by FT-IR, HRMS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The single crystal of 3-(2-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-(((3-(p-tolyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)methyl)isoxazole was obtained, and the structure of compound has also been determined by X-ray diffraction technique. Weak intra- and intermolecular C–H∙∙∙O interactions and a C–H∙∙∙π interaction link molecules into a three-dimensional network. The results showed that the synthesized compounds belonged to triclinic system, and their regioselectivity depended on the solvent and acid-binding agent. The merits of this method include the environmentally friendly, efficient, simple operation, and higher regional selectivity.Graphic abstractAn efficient synthesis of 3-substituted bis-isoxazole ethers was developed via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction starting from 3-substituted phenyl-5-((prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))methyl)isoxazoles and (Z)-2-chloro-N-hydroxynicotinimidoyl chloride using NaHCO3 as an acid-binding agent in THF solvent-dissolved trace water under catalyst-free microwave-assisted conditions.

Periphytic algae is a useful indicator of aquatic ecological conditions. We investigated the periphytic algae on natural substrate and the environmental variables at 44 sites on three river systems in the Weihe River Basin (WRB). A total of 84 species are identified, representing 37 genera. The most common genera were Navicula, Oscillatoria, Nitzschia, Scenedesmus, Cymbell, and Fragilaria. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences among the three river systems in environmental variables (p

MYB-related genes, a subclass of MYB transcription factor family, have been documented to play important roles in biological processes such as secondary metabolism and stress responses that affect plant growth and development. However, the regulatory roles of MYB-related genes in drought stress response remain unclear in maize. In this study, we discovered that a 1R-MYB gene, ZmRL6 , encodes a 96-amino acid protein and is highly drought-inducible. We also found that it is conserved in both barley ( Hordeum vulgare L . ) and Aegilops tauschii . Furthermore, we observed that overexpression of ZmRL6 can enhance drought tolerance while knock-out of ZmRL6 by CRISPR-Cas9 results in drought hypersensitivity. DAP-seq analyses additionally revealed the ZmRL6 target genes mainly contain ACCGTT, TTACCAAAC and AGCCCGAG motifs in their promoters. By combining RNA-seq and DAP-seq results together, we subsequently identified eight novel target genes of ZmRL6 that are involved in maize's hormone signal transduction, sugar metabolism, lignin synthesis, and redox signaling/oxidative stress. Collectively, our data provided insights into the roles of ZmRL6 in maize’s drought response.

The effect of hyporheic exchange on macroinvertebrates is a significant topic in ecohydraulics. A field study was conducted during May and June 2017 to investigate the impacts of magnitude and patterns of hyporheic exchange on the sediment macroinvertebrate community in the Weihe River basin. The results demonstrate that upwelling flows cause resuspension of riverbed sediment, increasing the proportion of swimmer groups (such as Baetidae) in the macroinvertebrate community. However, large resuspension of river bed sediment results in a reduced abundance of macroinvertebrates. By controlling the transport processes of dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrients, temperature, and different patterns of hyporheic exchange strongly influence the structure of macroinvertebrate communities. Downwelling is more likely to produce rich invertebrate communities than upwelling. The magnitude for the hyporheic flux of 150–200 mm/d was optimal for the macroinvertebrate community in the Weihe River Basin. Above or below this rate results in a decline in community abundance and diversity. We suggest that research is conducted to better understand the effects of hyporheic exchange across bedforms on macroinvertebrate communities. The study supports any activities to preserve the ecological functions and health of rivers dominated by fine-grained sediments.

Herein, we developed a convenient and efficient method via protonation of p-toluenesulfonic acid promoted cyclocondensation of o-phenylenediamine and aldehydes for selectively synthesizing 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles. This method displayed broad substrate adaptability and afforded the desired products in moderate to excellent yield in short reaction time. The effect of different substituents on the yield was investigated by extending optimum reaction conditions, which was further confirmed by theoretical calculations. It suggested that the surface electrostatic potential of oxygen atom and nitrogen atom on the substrates played important role in the synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles. Besides, the crystal structure of compound 2t in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)/c was presented. Also, the anti-mycolicibacterium smegmatis (MC2155) activity was evaluated using rifampicin as a positive control. The products (2a, 2b, 2c, 2i, 2j, 2k, 2m) showed good antibacterial activities which were comparable to rifampicin.

An efficient synthesis of 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazoles was explored under microwave irradiation. Twenty novel 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazoles were prepared using K 2 CO 3 as an acid-binging agent starting from 2-substituted benzimidazoles and 4-substituted benzyl chloride. This method revealed broad substrate adaptability and provided the target products in moderate to excellent yield within 15 min. The effect of different substituents on the yield was investigated under the obtained optimal reaction conditions. Besides, the crystal structure of compound 4c in the orthorhombic space group P 2ac 2ab was presented. Also, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds against Mycobacterium smegmatis in vitro at the cellular level was evaluated using rifampicin as a positive control. Product 4s had the best antibacterial activity among the synthesized compounds and was superior to rifampicin.

Cyperi Rhizoma (CR) is the dry rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L., a Cyperaceae plant. It has a long history of clinical medication and is known as the “holy medicine” of gynecology. CR smells sweet and bitter. It has the effect of soothing the liver and relieving depression, regulating qi, regulating meridian and relieving pain. It can be used to treat liver qi stagnation, chest pain, spleen and stomach qi stagnation, hernia pain, irregular menstruation and other diseases. At present, the main chemical constituents isolated from CR are volatile oil, flavonoids and terpenes. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that CR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antidepressant, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. In this paper, the botany, traditional application, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, processing and other aspects of CR are reviewed. At the same time, the shortcomings of current research of CR are discussed in depth, and the possible solutions are put forward in order to find a breakthrough point for future research of CR.