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Background Recent studies have implicated remnant cholesterol (RC) in the etiology, progression, and prognosis of cancer. However, very few of them concentrated on the study of the precise relationship between serum RC levels and cancer risk, leaving this subject unexplored. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the association between serum RC levels and 4 site-specific cancers, employing a dual approach that combines observational and mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2020, this study collected data from18,067 participants. To rule out confounders, this study utilized weighted multivariable logistic regression and assessed non-linear associations using restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression, followed by two-piecewise linear regression. Sensitivity analysis conducted in this study included subgroup analysis, multiple imputation, outlier removal, and propensity score matching. To strengthen causal inference, this study employed univariable and multivariable MR analysis. The robustness and reliability of the findings were estimated by the application of replication and meta-analysis. Results The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between serum RC levels and breast cancer, showing that individuals in the higher logRC category had a higher risk of breast cancer compared to those in the lower category (Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.01–2.88, P =  0.044). Weighted RCS revealed an inverted L-shape association between RC and the risk of breast cancer ( P -nonlinear = 0.0386, P -overall = 0.010). Primary MR analysis provided evidence for an increased risk of breast (IVW: OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12, P =  0.000951) and colorectal cancer (IVW: OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00-1.24, P =  0.0476) associated with RC. However, the results of replication and meta-analysis did not support a significant causal association of RC with the risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.95–1.13), lung cancer (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.88–1.03), colorectal cancer (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.92–1.19), and prostate cancer (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.95–1.08). Conclusion Although a non-linear relationship was observed in the cross-sectional study between remnant cholesterol levels and breast cancer risk, MR analyses failed to provide any causal evidence.

To investigate factors influencing the seed germination of Sichuan pepper ( Zanthoxylum armatum DC.) and determine the optimal germination method, this study used an L 16 (4 3 ) orthogonal test. The effects of compound treatments, including 2.5% sodium carbonate degreasing time, indole acetic acid (IAA) concentration, and IAA soaking time on seed germination were examined. The results indicated that 2.5% sodium carbonate degreasing time was the primary factor affecting the germination rate and vigor index of the seeds. IAA concentration primarily affected the germination index and the duration of germination, whereas IAA soaking time primarily influenced the time lag of germination. In addition, the 2.5% sodium carbonate degreasing time had a significant effect on the germination rate; IAA concentration significantly impacted the germination index; and IAA soaking time had a significant effect on both the germination index and the time lag of germination. Through the analysis and evaluation of the membership function, the optimal treatment combinations for seed germination were determined to be a 24-hour degreasing time with 2.5% sodium carbonate, an IAA concentration of 200 mg·L −1 , and an IAA soaking time of 12 hours. This study provides a valuable reference for the future propagation of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is an important oil plant and economic crop, but the natural reproduction rate is extremely low due to the existence of dormancy in its seeds, so it is of great significance to explore methods to promote its seed germination. In this study, an orthogonal test was applied to study the effects of different factors on the seed germination indexes with four factors and four levels of different sodium carbonate degreasing time, different incubation temperature, different kinetin soaking concentration, and seed soaking time. Through this study, analysis of variance, correlation, and clustering was applied. The results demonstrated that all experimental groups showed significant improvement in different germination indexes compared with the control. Among which, group 7 treated with sodium carbonate degreasing for 12 h, kinetin soaking concentration of 50 mg/L for 48 h, and under the culture condition of constant temperature at 25°C showed the best performance in germination rate, germination vigor, vitality index, germination index, root length, and shoot length. In addition, the shoot fresh weight and dry weight, root dry weight and fresh weight of group 7 were also significantly increased compared with the control. The results of this study provided a certain theoretical basis for the efficient seed germination of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. in the future.

Zanthoxylum armatum 'Jiuyeqing', an elite cultivar of Zanthoxylum armatum DC, has been rapidly adopted in southwestern China due to its high yield, superior quality, drought tolerance, and adaptability to barren soils. However, empirical fertilization practices during seedling cultivation often result in inconsistent fertilizer efficacy and heterogeneous seedling quality, limiting the green and sustainable development of the Z. armatum 'Jiuyeqing' industry. This study investigated the effects of different slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application rates on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of container-grown Z. armatum 'Jiuyeqing' seedlings and identified the optimal application level to support precise fertilization practices. A one-way randomized group design was employed with five SRF treatments of 1,2, 3,6, and 9 kg/m3. Growth indices, physiological parameters, and photosynthetic response metrics were measured under each treatment. Seedling quality across treatments was comprehensively evaluated using the affiliation function value method. The results demonstrated that SRF application rates significantly affected the morphological growth, physiological traits, and photosynthetic responses of Z. armatum 'Jiuyeqing' container seedlings. Affiliation function analysis indicated that seedlings treated with 6 kg/m3 fertilizer exhibited the best overall growth performance, achieving an average affiliation function value of 0.85 and ranking the highest among all treatments. Therefore, an application rate of 6 kg/m3 SRF was recommended for the cultivation of Z. armatum 'Jiuyeqing' container seedlings. This study provided a scientific reference for SRF application, offering technical support for optimizing cultivation techniques, improving cost-effective production efficiency, and promoting standardized propagation practices forZ. armatum 'Jiuyeqing' container seedlings.

Water impoundment reshapes the ecological environment around the bank-line of newly built reservoirs. Therefore, reservoir buffer strips play a disproportionately large role in the maintenance of ecosystem functions and environmental benefits during the early stage of reservoir formation. However, there are gaps in the research on soil particle-size-associated carbon distribution characteristics within different historical land-use types in newly formed reservoir buffer strips. In this study, we focused on soil particle size fractions, aggregate stability, and particle-size-associated carbon distribution characteristics of different historical land-use types of reservoir buffer strips at distance scale (i.e., different distance from the water) after reservoir impoundment in the Chushandian Reservoir, China, and explored the relationship between them. The results showed that the soil texture of abandoned cropland and grassland are classified as silt loam and woodland are classified as sandy loam; different historical land-use types in newly formed reservoir buffer strips showed significant differences in soil aggregate stability after reservoir impoundment; a distance scale was used to measure these differences, which were mainly due to the dry-wet cycles and water submerged condition caused by the buffers’ different distances from water. The newly formed reservoir buffer strips underwent corresponding changes in the particle-size-associated carbon distribution characteristics after reservoir impoundment, mainly due to the turnover property of different soil particles combined with organic carbon. Reservoir impoundment accelerates the turnover of silt particle and associated nutrients in soils of historical land-use types in newly formed reservoir buffer strips; turnover may be mediated mainly by microbial biomass.

ABSTRACT To improve fruit quality, application of plant growth regulators as gibberellic acid (GA3) has emerged as a significant cultivation and management method. In the study, different concentrations of GA3 solutions (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1) were sprayed on Sichuan-pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.; Rutaceae) ‘Dahongpao’ trees at fruit setting and enlargement stages. Spraying 75 mg L-1 GA3 was most effective at both stages: vertical diameter, transverse diameter, hundred-grain weight, and number of oil sacs on the peel increased by 12%, 5%, 12%, and 42%, respectively, at fruit setting stage; and the aforementioned indexes increased by 14%, 11%, 12%, and 35%, respectively at fruit enlargement stage. Spraying 100 mg L-1 GA3 at fruit setting stage, the content of total volatile oil, pungent compounds, non-volatile ether extracts, and total flavonoids significantly increased by 28%, 6%, 10%, and 3%, respectively; spraying 75 mg L-1 GA3 at fruit enlargement stage, the indexes increased by 33%, 27%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation results based on Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) indicated that GA3 treatment in a concentration of 75 mg L-1 could improve the quality of ‘Dahongpao’ fruits, thereby providing novel insights for the cultivation and management of such plant. Although spraying GA3 may change fruit quality of Z. bungeanum, influencing mechanism of GA3 treatments on the external and internal quality of Z. bungeanum fruits remains unclear.

To improve fruit quality, application of plant growth regulators as gibberellic acid (G[A.sub.3]) has emerged as a significant cultivation and management method. In the study, different concentrations of (G[A.sub.3]) solutions (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg [L.sup.-1]) were sprayed on Sichuan-pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.; Rutaceae) 'Dahongpao' trees at fruit setting and enlargement stages. Spraying 75 mg [L.sup.-1] G[A.sub.3] was most effective at both stages: vertical diameter, transverse diameter, hundred-grain weight, and number of oil sacs on the peel increased by 12%, 5%, 12%, and 42%, respectively, at fruit setting stage; and the aforementioned indexes increased by 14%, 11%, 12%, and 35%, respectively at fruit enlargement stage. Spraying 100 mg [L.sup.-1] G[A.sub.3] at fruit setting stage, the content of total volatile oil, pungent compounds, non-volatile ether extracts, and total flavonoids significantly increased by 28%, 6%, 10%, and 3%, respectively; spraying 75 mg [L.sup.-1] G[A.sub.3] at fruit enlargement stage, the indexes increased by 33%, 27%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation results based on Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) indicated that G[A.sub.3] treatment in a concentration of 75 mg [L.sup.-1] could improve the quality of 'Dahongpao' fruits, thereby providing novel insights for the cultivation and management of such plant. Although spraying G[A.sub.3] may change fruit quality of Z. bungeanum, influencing mechanism of G[A.sub.3] treatments on the external and internal quality of Z. bungeanum fruits remains unclear.

To improve fruit quality, application of plant growth regulators as gibberellic acid (G[A.sub.3]) has emerged as a significant cultivation and management method. In the study, different concentrations of (G[A.sub.3]) solutions (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg [L.sup.-1]) were sprayed on Sichuan-pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.; Rutaceae) 'Dahongpao' trees at fruit setting and enlargement stages. Spraying 75 mg [L.sup.-1] G[A.sub.3] was most effective at both stages: vertical diameter, transverse diameter, hundred-grain weight, and number of oil sacs on the peel increased by 12%, 5%, 12%, and 42%, respectively, at fruit setting stage; and the aforementioned indexes increased by 14%, 11%, 12%, and 35%, respectively at fruit enlargement stage. Spraying 100 mg [L.sup.-1] G[A.sub.3] at fruit setting stage, the content of total volatile oil, pungent compounds, non-volatile ether extracts, and total flavonoids significantly increased by 28%, 6%, 10%, and 3%, respectively; spraying 75 mg [L.sup.-1] G[A.sub.3] at fruit enlargement stage, the indexes increased by 33%, 27%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation results based on Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) indicated that G[A.sub.3] treatment in a concentration of 75 mg [L.sup.-1] could improve the quality of 'Dahongpao' fruits, thereby providing novel insights for the cultivation and management of such plant. Although spraying G[A.sub.3] may change fruit quality of Z. bungeanum, influencing mechanism of G[A.sub.3] treatments on the external and internal quality of Z. bungeanum fruits remains unclear. Key words: 'Dahongpao', external quality, gibberellin, internal quality, Sichuan-pepper, TOPSIS, Zanthoxylum bungeanum.

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are catalyzing transformative changes in atomic modeling, simulation, and design. AI-driven potential energy models have demonstrated the capability to conduct large-scale, long-duration simulations with the accuracy of ab initio electronic structure methods. However, the model generation process remains a bottleneck for large-scale applications. We propose a shift towards a model-centric ecosystem, wherein a large atomic model (LAM), pre-trained across multiple disciplines, can be efficiently fine-tuned and distilled for various downstream tasks, thereby establishing a new framework for molecular modeling. In this study, we introduce the DPA-2 architecture as a prototype for LAMs. Pre-trained on a diverse array of chemical and materials systems using a multi-task approach, DPA-2 demonstrates superior generalization capabilities across multiple downstream tasks compared to the traditional single-task pre-training and fine-tuning methodologies. Our approach sets the stage for the development and broad application of LAMs in molecular and materials simulation research.