Explore the vast range of titles available.

Tumor immunotherapy is only effective in a fraction of patients due to a low response rate and severe side effects, and these challenges of immunotherapy in clinics can be addressed through induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD is elicited from many antitumor therapies to release danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor‐associated antigens to facilitate maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The process can reverse the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment to improve the sensitivity of immunotherapy. Nanostructure‐based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) are explored to induce ICD by incorporating therapeutic molecules for chemotherapy, photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal conversion agents for photothermal therapy (PTT), and radiosensitizers for radiotherapy (RT). These NDDSs can release loaded agents at a right dose in the right place at the right time, resulting in greater effectiveness and lower toxicity. Immunotherapeutic agents can also be combined with these NDDSs to achieve the synergic antitumor effect in a multi‐modality therapeutic approach. In this review, NDDSs are harnessed to load multiple agents to induce ICD by chemotherapy, PDT, PTT, and RT in combination of immunotherapy to promote the therapeutic effect and reduce side effects associated with cancer treatment. This review summarizes the nanostructure‐based drug delivery systems‐based immunogenic cell death (ICD) induction approaches combined with immunotherapy. Engineered and functionalized NDDSs to enhance their delivery efficiency and activate the tumor immune microenvironment for improving immunotherapeutic efficiency are illustrated.

Background Abnormalities of cortical thickness (CTh) in patients with their first episode psychosis (FEP) have been frequently reported, but findings are inconsistent. Objective To define the most consistent CTh changes in patients with FEP by meta-analysis of published whole-brain studies. Methods The meta-analysis used seed-based d mapping (SDM) software to obtain the most prominent regional CTh changes in FEP, and meta-regression analyses to explore the effects of demographics and clinical characteristics. The meta-analysis results were verified in an independent sample of 142 FEP patients and 142 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs), using both a vertex-wise and a region of interest analysis, with multiple comparisons correction. Results The meta-analysis identified lower CTh in the right middle temporal cortex (MTC) extending to superior temporal cortex (STC), insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in FEP compared with HCs. No significant correlations were identified between CTh alterations and demographic or clinical variables. These results were replicated in the independent dataset analysis. Conclusion This study identifies a robust pattern of cortical abnormalities in FEP and extends understanding of gray matter abnormalities and pathological mechanisms in FEP.

Shock wave data for Jilin ordinary chondrite and Nandan iron meteorite are measured by electric-pin techniques on the dynamic high-pressure device equipped with a two-stage light gas gun, and then equation-of-states supposedly fit for describing their P-V-E relations are chosen to evaluate the values of their parameters. Demonstrated from the comparison between P-V curves of equation-of-states and experimental data points, P-V relation of Jilin ordinary chondrite can be described by the universal equation-of-state, of which bulk modulus value of zero-pressure K0s = 48.10 GPa, its pressure derivative K’os = 4.13. That of Nandan iron meteorite can be described by the three-term form of equation-of-state, of which the values of two matter parameters Q = 41.23531 GPa, 5 = 12.271 79. The Hugoniot data and equation-of-states for Jilin ordinary chondrite and Nandan iron meteorite are first reported in this paper. The equation-of-state defined by Hugoniot data measurement provides strong empirical support for d

The livestock sector is a major source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, while heat stress impairs ruminant health. This study evaluated the efficacy of Aspergillus niger (AN) and its compound preparation (CP) as feed additives to mitigate methane emissions and heat stress in Holstein bulls. Twenty-four bulls were assigned to a control group (CON), a group supplemented with 6 g/d of AN, and a group with 20 g/d of CP. Methane emissions were measured using the SF6 tracer technique. Blood and ruminal fermentation parameters were also analyzed. Results showed that both AN and CP significantly reduced total methane emissions, emissions per unit of body weight, and per unit of dry matter intake compared to CON. Supplemented groups had significantly lower rectal temperatures and higher superoxide dismutase activity, with AN also increasing total antioxidant capacity. AN groups showed increased total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and propionate. Microbiota analysis revealed significant beta-diversity shifts with differential taxon enrichment. In conclusion, Aspergillus niger and its compound preparation effectively reduce enteric methane and alleviate heat stress by boosting antioxidant defenses and modulating rumen function, offering a dual-benefit strategy for sustainable ruminant production.

This study focuses on the complex pore structure and pronounced heterogeneity of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Linxing area of the Ordos Basin and develops a multi-scale quantitative characterization approach to investigate the coupling mechanism between pore structure and reservoir properties. Six core samples were selected from the Shiqianfeng Formation (depth interval: 1326–1421 m) for detailed analysis. Cast thin sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were employed to characterize pore types and structural features. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were conducted to obtain T2 spectra, which were used to classify bound and movable pores, and their corresponding fractal dimensions were calculated separately. In addition, NMR logging data from the corresponding well intervals were integrated to assess the applicability and consistency of the fractal characteristics at the logging scale. The results reveal that the fractal dimension of bound pores shows a positive correlation with porosity, whereas that of movable pores is negatively correlated with permeability, indicating that different scales of pore structural complexity exert distinct influences on reservoir performance. Mineral composition affects the evolution of pore structures through mechanisms such as framework support, dissolution, and pore-filling, thereby further enhancing reservoir heterogeneity. The consistency between logging responses and experimental observations verifies the regional applicability of fractal analysis. Bound pores dominate within the studied interval, and the vertical variation of the PMF/BVI ratio aligns closely with both the NMR T2 spectra and fractal results. This study demonstrates that fractal dimension is an effective descriptor of structural characteristics across different pore types and provides a theoretical foundation and methodological support for the evaluation of pore complexity and heterogeneity in tight sandstone reservoirs.

Background Basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) are a leading cause of cancer death due to their capacity to metastasize and lack of effective therapies. More than half of BLBCs have a dysfunctional BRCA1. Although most BRCA1 -deficient cancers respond to DNA-damaging agents, resistance and tumor recurrence remain a challenge to survival outcomes for BLBC patients. Additional therapies targeting the pathways aberrantly activated by BRCA1 deficiency are urgently needed. Methods Most BRCA1-deficient BLBCs carry a dysfunctional INK4-RB pathway. Thus, we created genetically engineered mice with Brca1 loss and deletion of p16 INK4A , or separately p18 I NK4C , to model the deficient INK4-RB signaling in human BLBC. By using these mutant mice and human BRCA1- deficient and proficient breast cancer tissues and cells, we tested if there exists a druggable target in BRCA1-deficient breast cancers. Results Heterozygous germline or epithelium-specific deletion of Brca1 in p18 I NK4C - or p16 INK4A -deficient mice activated Pdgfrβ signaling, induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and led to BLBCs. Confirming this role, targeted deletion of Pdgfrβ in Brca1 -deficient tumor cells promoted cell death, induced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, and suppressed tumorigenesis. Importantly, we also found that pharmaceutical inhibition of Pdgfrβ and its downstream target Pkcα suppressed Brca1 -deficient tumor initiation and progression and effectively killed BRCA1 -deficient cancer cells. Conclusions Our work offers the first genetic and biochemical evidence that PDGFRβ-PKCα signaling is repressed by BRCA1, which establishes PDGFRβ-PKCα signaling as a therapeutic target for BRCA1 -deficient breast cancers.

BackgroundAt present, the best treatment for primary patellar dislocation (PPD) has not been unified. Moreover, meta-analyses comparing the non-surgical and surgical treatments of PPD are lacking. Thus, we aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of surgical or non-surgical treatment of PPD.MethodsRandomized controlled studies of surgical and non-surgical treatments of PPD from 1966 to 2018 were retrieved from the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Wanfang Database, China Knowledge Network, Google Scholar, and Weipu Database. We screened for literature that met the inclusion criteria and extracted useful data for our meta-analysis.ResultsNine studies, involving 492 patients, met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this study. The recurrence rate of patellar dislocation in the surgical group was lower than that in the non-surgical group (P = 0.04]). Subgroup analysis according to the follow-up time showed that the Kujala score (P < 0.001) and lower recurrence rate of dislocation (P = 0.05) than the non-surgical group in the short term. Subgroup analysis according to surgical year showed that the surgical group get higher Kujala score (P < 0.001) and lower recurrence rate of dislocation (P = 0.01) than the non-surgical group in recent years.ConclusionSurgical treatment can provide better clinical results in a short period of time, and patients may achieve good results within 10 years owing to the advances in surgical techniques and instruments. Thus, we recommend surgical treatment as the preferred treatment for primary patellar dislocation.

Stable deuterium (δD) and oxygen‐18 (δ18O) isotopes in 1962 to 2002 precipitation from the seven Australian stations of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) were used to investigate isotope characteristics including temporal and spatial distributions across different regions of Australia. On the basis of 1534 samples, the local meteoric water line (LMWL) was established as δD = 7.10δ18O + 8.21. δ18O showed a depletion trend from north and south to central Australia (a continental effect) and from west to east. Precipitation amount effects were generally greater than temperature effects, with quadratic or logarithmic correlations describing δ/T and δ/P better than linear relationships. Nonlinear stepwise regression was used to determine the significant meteorological control factors for each station, explaining about 50% or more of the δ18O variations. Geographical control factors for δ18O were given by the relationship δ18O (‰) = −0.005 longitude (°) − 0.034 latitude (°)‐0.003 altitude (m) − 4.753. Four different types of d‐excess patterns demonstrated particular precipitation formation conditions for four major seasonal rainfall zones. Finally, wavelet coherence (WTC) between δ18O and SOI confirmed that the influence of ENSO decreased from east and north to west Australia.

As a desirable agricultural trait, multilocular trait of rapeseed ( Brassica rapa ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea ), always represents higher yield per plant compared with bilocular plants. We previously isolated a trilocular gene locus, Bjmc1 , and identified a set of molecular markers linked to the trilocular gene. With a map-based cloning, we identified that the BjMc1 was located in B genome of Brassica juncea , and it was a CLAVATA1 ( CLV1 ) gene homologue. The insertion of a copia-LTR retrotransposable element 1 (RTE1) into the coding region of BjMc1 interrupted its transcription in rapeseed, leading to the trilocular phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Mc1 genes were conserved and widespread in land plants. Two amino acid sites had undergone positive selection in the ancestor of Mc1 genes, and then purifying selection was the dominant force after the divergence of dicots and monocots from their common ancestor in the evolutionary process, indicating that Mc1 genes are conserved in modern land plants. Our results provided new insights in molecular regulatory mechanism of multilocularity in rapeseed, and better understanding of molecular mechanism in crop yield improvement.

During the remediation of saline wasteland, it is crucial to rapidly and accurately characterize the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of soil salinity for evaluating the efficacy of leaching measures and guiding management strategies. In this study, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) were deployed in a saline wasteland in the Jingtai Yellow River Irrigation District, Gansu Province, China, to monitor field-scale changes in salinity before and after salt leaching. A calibrated model linking soil bulk electrical conductivity and ground temperature to total dissolved solids (TDS) was applied to convert geophysical results into quantitative TDS values, enabling quantitative assessment of field-scale salt removal rates. Monitoring indicated that salinization was mainly caused by a rising groundwater table resulting from inadequate drainage, which led to evaporation-driven salt accumulation in low-lying areas and eventual land abandonment. Although remediation measures—including dredging drainage ditches and conducting salt-leaching irrigation—were implemented, their effectiveness was spatially heterogeneous due to the presence of low-permeability layers such as clay pans or caliche. For instance, along a transect 5 m from a newly dredged ditch, the desalination rate reached 87.8% after one leaching event. In contrast, along a transect 85 m from the ditch, the rate was only 16.8% after dredging and leaching. These findings underscore the need for targeted salt control strategies and optimized winter irrigation protocols to improve regional salinity management.