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The gut is colonized by many commensal microorganisms, and the diversity and metabolic patterns of microorganisms profoundly influence the intestinal health. These microbial imbalances can lead to disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Microorganisms produce byproducts that act as signaling molecules, triggering the immune system in the gut mucosa and controlling inflammation. For example, metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and secondary bile acids can release inflammatory-mediated signals by binding to specific receptors. These metabolites indirectly affect host health and intestinal immunity by interacting with the intestinal epithelial and mucosal immune cells. Moreover, Tryptophan-derived metabolites also play a role in governing the immune response by binding to aromatic hydrocarbon receptors (AHR) located on the intestinal mucosa, enhancing the intestinal epithelial barrier. Dietary-derived indoles, which are synthetic precursors of AHR ligands, work together with SCFA and secondary bile acids to reduce stress on the intestinal epithelium and regulate inflammation. This review highlights the interaction between gut microbial metabolites and the intestinal immune system, as well as the crosstalk of dietary fiber intake in improving the host microbial metabolism and its beneficial effects on the organism.

Vehicle sound package system plays a critical role in determining vehicle’s noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance. With the advent of new energy vehicles, novel acoustic challenges arise in the absence of the masking effect provided by engine noise. The need for more efficient sound package is an important topic for both automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and academic researchers. Despite the wealth of research on the sound package, a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art has been lacking. This review aims to fill this gap by providing a concise and up-to-date overview of the various noise sources and transmission paths, functions, materials, components, and study approaches involved in the vehicle sound package technology. Vehicle sound package is fundamental in controlling the engine noise, road noise, and wind noise inside the vehicle, with functions that include sound absorption, sound insulation, damping, and sealing. To optimize these functions, an assortment of materials have been employed, from conventional options like foam and fiber to more innovative solutions like plastic and rubber, as well as functional materials and multilayer composites. To enhance vehicle sound package performance, both experimental and numerical methods, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and statistical energy analysis (SEA), artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization are employed in academic research, while the industrial development process often involves a more intricate and practical approach. This review also makes some recommendations for future research work in this area. It is expected that this review will provide useful information for further development of vehicle sound package technology.

Procrastination is a key factor affecting college students’ academic efficiency and physical and mental health. Factors such as digital culture, academic patterns, and economic pressures make students more prone to self-management difficulties, with procrastination becoming increasingly prominent. As an effective means of promoting physical and mental well-being, the relationship between physical exercise and procrastination warrants in-depth exploration. This study employs a cross-sectional survey design to examine the relationship between physical exercise and procrastination among college students, while testing the chained mediating effects of time management tendencies and mobile phone dependency. Methodologically, questionnaires were administered to 866 college students using the Physical Exercise Level Scale, General Procrastination Scale, Time Management Ttendencies Scale, and Mobile Phone Dependency Scale. Structural equation modeling analyzed variable relationships, while Bootstrap sampling verified the significance of mediating effects. Results revealed: ① Physical exercise was significantly negatively correlated with procrastination behavior; ② Physical exercise not only directly predicted procrastination behavior but also influenced it through the mediating effects of time management tendencies and mobile phone dependency; ③ Time management tendencies and mobile phone dependency exert a chain-mediating effect between physical exercise and procrastination. Findings indicate that physical exercise can indirectly alleviate procrastination among college students by enhancing time management tendencies and reducing mobile phone dependency. However, as this study employs a cross-sectional design, causal inferences should be interpreted with caution. Future research is recommended to adopt longitudinal or experimental designs to further validate causal mechanisms.

Underwater sound absorption materials with a stable performance at various hydrostatic pressures are important for marine applications. However, most studies about underwater sound absorption materials only focused on the performance at atmospheric hydrostatic pressure, while ignoring the influence of various hydrostatic pressures. Aiming to improve the underwater sound absorption stability of a metamaterial at various hydrostatic pressures, different structures and a Nelder–Mead algorithm with an acoustic-structure fully coupled finite element method (FEM) model are developed to optimize the structure of the metamaterial at various hydrostatic pressures. In this numerical modeling, the metamaterial is a PDMS matrix embedded with periodic cylinders. Firstly, the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the metamaterial is evaluated in the frequency range [0, 8 kHz]. Secondly, different cases are designed to improve the underwater sound absorption stability at various hydrostatic pressures, including different cylinder radii, different distances between the air cylinder and the steel backing, and different void shapes. Then two layers of air and/or steel cylinders are introduced to further improve sound absorption performance under various hydrostatic pressures. The results indicate that PDMS with two layers of air cylinders have the optimal sound absorption stability performance under various hydrostatic pressures, which can be attributed to the top layer of air cylinders absorbing the main deformation. Lastly, the optimization algorithm significantly improves the sound absorption performance of the metamaterials at various hydrostatic pressures. This combination of an optimistic algorithm and FEM can guide the design of underwater sound absorption metamaterials at various hydrostatic pressures.

This review focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and their applications in drug delivery. To give a brief understanding about the preparation of GQDs, recent advances in methods of GQDs synthesis are first presented. Afterwards, various drug delivery-release modes of GQDs-based drug delivery systems such as EPR-pH delivery-release mode, ligand-pH delivery-release mode, EPR-Photothermal delivery-Release mode, and Core/Shell-photothermal/magnetic thermal delivery-release mode are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and the prospective application of GQDs in drug delivery are discussed.

In the post-Moore’s Law era, conventional Von Neumann architectures face critical limitations, such as the “memory wall” and excessive power consumption, particularly when processing unstructured data. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the human brain, offers a promising solution through parallel processing and adaptive learning. Among the candidates for artificial synapses, memristors based on two-dimensional MXenes (specifically Ti3C2Tx) have attracted significant attention due to their unique layered structure, high metallic conductivity, and tunable physicochemical properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MXene-based memristors, from material synthesis to system-level applications. We examine how different synthesis strategies, including etching methods, directly influence device performance and elucidate the underlying resistive switching mechanisms driven by ion migration, valence change, and interfacial processes. Furthermore, the review demonstrates the efficacy of MXenes in emulating biological synaptic functions—such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD)—and their application in tasks like handwritten digit recognition. Finally, we highlight emerging frontiers in flexible electronics and in-sensor computing, offering insights into the future trajectory of integrated sensing, memory, and computation.

With the electrification of automotive powertrains, aerodynamic noise has emerged as the primary factor affecting vehicle comfort. This systematic review, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, bridges the gap between biological fluid mechanics and automotive engineering by synthesizing recent advances in aerodynamic mechanisms and bionic control strategies. Based on a comprehensive search of Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SAE Mobilus, and Google Scholar for the literature published between 2016 and 2025, 90 eligible studies were analyzed to provide a rigorous evidence-based synthesis. The review details complex flow phenomena, such as turbulent separation and vortex shedding across key regions like A-pillars and mirrors, drawing parallels to bio-inspired fluid–structure interactions. Numerical prediction methods, including large eddy simulation (LES), detached eddy simulation (DES), and lattice boltzmann method (LBM), are critically examined for their efficacy in resolving both conventional and bionic flow structures. A significant focus is placed on bio-inspired mitigation technologies, where quantitative findings demonstrate substantial noise suppression: specifically, the reviewed data shows that bionic riblet surfaces on tires can reduce noise levels by up to 5.18 dB, while beetle-head-inspired protuberances on exterior mirrors can achieve reductions of up to 10 dB. Finally, this work suggests future research directions in integrated fluid–acoustic–structural simulation frameworks and self-adaptive bionic systems, providing a robust reference for developing high-performance, low-noise vehicles inspired by natural organisms.

To investigate the drag reduction mechanism of shark skin placoid scales and develop high-efficiency drag-reducing surfaces, this study designed and fabricated a biomimetic shark skin surface featuring staggered microscale groove structures. The fabrication process involved laser etching on silicon wafers to create a placoid microstructure template, followed by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replication to obtain biomimetic shark skin samples. Sedimentation experiments demonstrated that the biomimetic surface significantly reduced settling time compared to a smooth surface, achieving a drag reduction rate of 5.65%. Further computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to analyze the near-wall flow characteristics around the biomimetic surface. The results revealed that the drag reduction mechanism primarily stems from the effective regulation of near-wall laminar flow by the micro-groove structures: a low-velocity fluid layer formed within the grooves reduces the near-wall velocity gradient, thereby decreasing frictional drag, while stable recirculation zones develop within the grooves, contributing to momentum redistribution and reduced energy dissipation. Additionally, the staggered arrangement of the grooves promotes a smoother pressure distribution along the flow direction, mitigating pressure drag by reducing the pressure differential between windward and leeward surfaces. The experimental and simulation results showed excellent agreement (simulated drag reduction rate: 5.08%), collectively verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed biomimetic placoid structure in achieving fluid drag reduction.

The high thermal conductivity of graphene and few-layer graphene undergoes severe degradations through contact with the substrate. Here we show experimentally that the thermal management of a micro heater is substantially improved by introducing alternative heat-escaping channels into a graphene-based film bonded to functionalized graphene oxide through amino-silane molecules. Using a resistance temperature probe for in situ monitoring we demonstrate that the hotspot temperature was lowered by ∼28 °C for a chip operating at 1,300 W cm −2 . Thermal resistance probed by pulsed photothermal reflectance measurements demonstrated an improved thermal coupling due to functionalization on the graphene–graphene oxide interface. Three functionalization molecules manifest distinct interfacial thermal transport behaviour, corroborating our atomistic calculations in unveiling the role of molecular chain length and functional groups. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the functionalization constrains the cross-plane phonon scattering, which in turn enhances in-plane heat conduction of the bonded graphene film by recovering the long flexural phonon lifetime. The high thermal conductivity of graphene is considerably reduced when the two-dimensional material is in contact with a substrate. Here, the authors show that thermal management of a micro heater is improved using graphene-based films covalently bonded by amino-silane molecules to graphene oxide.

As a complex and persistent inflammatory bowel disease, the onset and progression of ulcerative colitis (UC) are closely associated with intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, host metabolic imbalance, and impaired intestinal barrier function. The traditional Chinese medicine (Sanqi) possesses multiple therapeutic properties, among which its anti-inflammatory effect is particularly remarkable. However, the specific molecular pathways through which exerts its anti-UC effects have not been fully elucidated. This study aims to clarify the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of extract in a mouse model of UC. A colitis model was established by inducing UC in ICR mice using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal control group (CON), normal administration group (CONSQ), DSS-induced model group (DSS), and DSS-induced administration group (DSSSQ). The CONSQ and DSSSQ groups received oral gavage of 200 mg/kg extract. The evaluation indicators included the disease activity index, histopathological examination of colon tissue, expression of key intestinal barrier proteins, analysis of intestinal microbiota structure, and metabolomic testing of fecal samples. Treatment with extract repaired the damaged intestinal barrier, as evidenced by increased expression levels of Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1, and MUC-2 proteins. Simultaneously, the extract favorably modulated the structure of the intestinal microbiota, specifically by increasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriching probiotic genera (such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). Furthermore, the extract significantly reduced the levels of characteristic metabolites (such as LysoPI and Etamiphylline). Correlation analysis based on multi-omics data revealed an interactive regulatory network centered on the intestinal microbiota, host metabolites, and intestinal barrier integrity, indicating that extract alleviates the pathological process of UC through a multi-target, synergistic approach. The results of this study demonstrate that extract exerts its therapeutic effects on UC by repairing the intestinal barrier, modulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and influencing the host metabolic profile. Multi-omics correlation analysis further revealed the central role of the microbiota-metabolite-barrier axis in the anti-UC effects of , providing strong evidence for its multi-target synergistic mechanism. These findings lay the foundation for a deeper understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of Panax notoginseng in UC treatment and support its further development as a potential therapeutic agent for UC.