Explore the vast range of titles available.

Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, and Hannon (2002, Study 1) demonstrated a causal link between subjective commitment to a relationship and how people responded to hypothetical betrayals of that relationship. Participants primed to think about their commitment to their partner (high commitment) reacted to the betrayals with reduced exit and neglect responses relative to those primed to think about their independence from their partner (low commitment). The priming manipulation did not affect constructive voice and loyalty responses. Although other studies have demonstrated a correlation between subjective commitment and responses to betrayal, this study provides the only experimental evidence that inducing changes to subjective commitment can causally affect forgiveness responses. This Registered Replication Report (RRR) meta-analytically combines the results of 16 new direct replications of the original study, all of which followed a standardized, vetted, and preregistered protocol. The results showed little effect of the priming manipulation on the forgiveness outcome measures, but it also did not observe an effect of priming on subjective commitment, so the manipulation did not work as it had in the original study. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy between the findings from this RRR and the original study.

Different levels of arterial occlusive disease (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, multi-level disease) can produce claudication symptoms in different leg muscle groups (buttocks, thighs, calves) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We tested the hypothesis that different locations of occlusive disease uniquely affect the muscles of PAD legs and produce distinctive patterns in the way claudicating patients walk. Ninety-seven PAD patients and 35 healthy controls were recruited. PAD patients were categorized to aortoiliac, femoropopliteal and multi-level disease groups using computerized tomographic angiography. Subjects performed walking trials both pain-free and during claudication pain and joint kinematics, kinetics, and spatiotemporal parameters were calculated to evaluate the net contribution of the calf, thigh and buttock muscles. PAD patients with occlusive disease affecting different segments of the arterial tree (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, multi-level disease) presented with symptoms affecting different muscle groups of the lower extremity (calves, thighs and buttocks alone or in combination). However, no significant biomechanical differences were found between PAD groups during the pain-free conditions with minimal differences between PAD groups in the claudicating state. All statistical differences in the pain-free condition occurred between healthy controls and one or more PAD groups. A discriminant analysis function was able to adequately predict if a subject was a control with over 70% accuracy, but the function was unable to differentiate between PAD groups. In-depth gait analyses of claudicating PAD patients indicate that different locations of arterial disease produce claudication symptoms that affect different muscle groups across the lower extremity but impact the function of the leg muscles in a diffuse manner generating similar walking impairments.

Background Despite the high prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), there are few interventions targeting its core neurocognitive and behavioral deficits. FASD is often conceptualized as static and permanent, but interventions that capitalize on brain plasticity and critical developmental windows are emerging. We present a long-term follow-up study evaluating the neurodevelopmental effects of choline supplementation in children with FASD 4 years after an initial efficacy trial. Methods The initial study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of choline vs. placebo in 2–5-year-olds with FASD. Participants include 31 children (16 placebo; 15 choline) seen 4 years after trial completion. The mean age at follow-up was 8.6 years. Diagnoses were 12.9% fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 41.9% partial FAS, and 45.1% alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. The follow-up included measures of intelligence, memory, executive functioning, and behavior. Results Children who received choline had higher non-verbal intelligence, higher visual-spatial skill, higher working memory ability, better verbal memory, and fewer behavioral symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder than the placebo group. No differences were seen for verbal intelligence, visual memory, or other executive functions. Conclusions These data support choline as a potential neurodevelopmental intervention for FASD and highlight the need for long-term follow-up to capture treatment effects on neurodevelopmental trajectories. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.Gov #NCT01149538 ; Registered: June 23, 2010; first enrollment July 2, 2010

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. The link between inflammation and CRC is well established. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) upon diagnosis is a known negative prognostic factor for CRC patients. Monomeric CRP (mCRP) has been demonstrated in tissues of several diseases associated with inflammation, including colon cancer (CC). mCRP possesses proinflammatory properties and is a possible mediator of tumor-promoting inflammation. This study aimed to detect and quantify circulating mCRP and assess potential correlations with clinical CRP and intra-tumoral mCRP in CC patients. Forty patients treated for stage II-III CC between 2012 and 2015 at Sorlandet Hospital, Norway, were included in the study. Twenty patients had CRP level <10 mg/l and 20 patients had CRP ≥10 mg/l, measured routinely at diagnosis (clinical CRP). EDTA plasma was used for mCRP detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; n = 40) and mass spectrometry (MS; n = 20) (MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD046746). Tumor mCRP abundance was classified into three categories by reference scoring, using an antigen-retrieval technique on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples (n = 29). Circulating mCRP levels were detectable by both ELISA and MS. Median mCRP level measured by ELISA was 2.55 ng/mL, while the MS analysis detected 19.02 ng/mL. Both analyses exhibited significant correlations with clinical CRP (ELISA, = 0.012; MS, < 0.001). Intra-tumoral mCRP correlated with circulating mCRP measured by MS ( < 0.001) and with clinical CRP ( < 0.001). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of mCRP in the circulation of cancer patients. By employing two different analytical methods, mCRP was reliably detected in CC patients. Patients with elevated circulating mCRP measured by MS had higher intra-tumoral mCRP abundance. The interesting correlation of circulating and intra-tumoral mCRP levels may represent another facet of the interplay between local and systemic inflammation in CC patients.

Background Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a lifelong condition. Early interventions targeting core neurocognitive deficits have the potential to confer long-term neurodevelopmental benefits. Time-targeted choline supplementation is one such intervention that has been shown to provide neurodevelopmental benefits that emerge with age during childhood. We present a long-term follow-up study evaluating the neurodevelopmental effects of early choline supplementation in children with FASD approximately 7 years on average after an initial efficacy trial. Methods The initial study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of choline vs. placebo in 2.5 to 5 year olds with FASD. Participants in this long-term follow-up study include 18 children (9 placebo; 9 choline) seen 7 years on average following initial trial completion. The mean age at follow-up was 11.0 years old. Diagnoses were 28% fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 28% partial FAS, and 44% alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. The follow-up included measures of executive functioning and an MRI scan. Results Children who received choline had better performance on several tasks of lower-order executive function (e.g., processing speed) and showed higher white matter microstructure organization (i.e., greater axon coherence) in the splenium of the corpus callosum compared to the placebo group. Conclusions These preliminary findings, although exploratory at this stage, highlight potential long-term benefits of choline as a neurodevelopmental intervention for FASD and suggest that choline may affect white matter development, representing a potential target of choline in this population. Trial registration Prior to enrollment, this trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT01149538 ) on June 23, 2010.

Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) are ten‐to‐hundreds of microsecond bursts of gamma‐rays produced when electrons in strong electric fields in thunderclouds are accelerated to relativistic energies. Space instruments have observed TGFs with source photon brightness down to ∼1017–1016. Based on space and aircraft observations, TGFs have been considered rare phenomena produced in association with very few lightning discharges. Space observations associated with lightning ground observations in the radio band have indicated that there exists a population of dimmer TGFs. Here we show observations of TGFs from aircraft altitude that were not detected by a space instrument viewing the same area. The TGFs were found through Monte Carlo modeling to be associated with 1015–1012 photons at source, which is several orders of magnitude below what can be seen from space. Our results suggest that there exists a significant population of TGFs that are too weak to be observed from space. Plain Language Summary Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) are short bursts of gamma‐rays produced in the strong electric fields in thunderclouds. Based on space and aircraft observations, TGFs have been considered a rare phenomena. In this paper, we present observations of TGFs from an aircraft campaign that were not detected by a space instrument viewing the same area. Our results reveal that these TGFs were too weak to be observed from space, indicating a significant population of TGFs that are undetectable by space instruments. Key Points The ALOFT flight campaign detected six TGFs within a few minutes during an ISS overpass, and none were detected by the ASIM instrument We show that there must be a population of TGFs that are too weak to be observed from space The fluence at 15 km of this population is 2–5 orders of magnitude lower than the TGFs observed from space

Different levels of arterial occlusive disease (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, multi-level disease) can produce claudication symptoms in different leg muscle groups (buttocks, thighs, calves) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We tested the hypothesis that different locations of occlusive disease uniquely affect the muscles of PAD legs and produce distinctive patterns in the way claudicating patients walk. Ninety-seven PAD patients and 35 healthy controls were recruited. PAD patients were categorized to aortoiliac, femoropopliteal and multi-level disease groups using computerized tomographic angiography. Subjects performed walking trials both pain-free and during claudication pain and joint kinematics, kinetics, and spatiotemporal parameters were calculated to evaluate the net contribution of the calf, thigh and buttock muscles. PAD patients with occlusive disease affecting different segments of the arterial tree (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, multi-level disease) presented with symptoms affecting different muscle groups of the lower extremity (calves, thighs and buttocks alone or in combination). However, no significant biomechanical differences were found between PAD groups during the pain-free conditions with minimal differences between PAD groups in the claudicating state. All statistical differences in the pain-free condition occurred between healthy controls and one or more PAD groups. A discriminant analysis function was able to adequately predict if a subject was a control with over 70% accuracy, but the function was unable to differentiate between PAD groups. In-depth gait analyses of claudicating PAD patients indicate that different locations of arterial disease produce claudication symptoms that affect different muscle groups across the lower extremity but impact the function of the leg muscles in a diffuse manner generating similar walking impairments.

Objective:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a life-long condition, and few interventions have been developed to improve the neurodevelopmental course in this population. Early interventions targeting core neurocognitive deficits have the potential to confer long-term neurodevelopmental benefits. Time-targeted choline supplementation is one such intervention that has been shown to provide neurodevelopmental benefits that emerge with age during childhood. We present a long-term follow-up study evaluating the neurodevelopmental effects of early choline supplementation in children with FASD approximately 7 years on average after an initial efficacy trial. In this study, we examine treatment group differences in executive function (EF) outcomes and diffusion MRI of the corpus callosum using the Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Index (NODDI) biophysical model.Participants and Methods:The initial study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of choline vs. placebo in 2.5- to 5-year-olds with FASD. Participants in this long-term follow-up study included 18 children (9 placebo; 9 choline) seen 7 years on average following initial trial completion. The mean age at follow-up was 11 years old. Diagnoses were 28% fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 28% partial FAS, and 44% alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. The follow-up evaluation included measures of executive functioning (WISC-V Picture Span and Digit Span; DKEFS subtests) and diffusion MRI (NODDI).Results:Children who received choline early in development outperformed those in the placebo group across a majority of EF tasks at long-term follow-up (effect sizes ranged from -0.09 to 1.27). Children in the choline group demonstrated significantly better performance on several tasks of lower-order executive function skills (i.e., DKEFS Color Naming [Cohen's d = 1.27], DKEFS Word Reading [Cohen's d = 1.13]) and showed potentially better white matter microstructure organization (as indicated by lower orientation dispersion; Cohen's d = -1.26) in the splenium of the corpus callosum compared to the placebo group. In addition, when collapsing across treatment groups, higher white matter microstructural organization was associated with better performance on several EF tasks (WISC-V Digit Span; DKEFS Number Sequencing and DKEFS Word Reading).Conclusions:These findings highlight long-term benefits of choline as a neurodevelopmental intervention for FASD and suggest that changes in white matter organization may represent an important target of choline in this population. Unique to this study is the use of contemporary biophysical modeling of diffusion MRI data in youth with FASD. Findings suggest this neuroimaging approach may be particularly useful for identifying subtle white matter differences in FASD as well as neurobiological responses to early intervention associated with important cognitive functions.

Work from our laboratory documents pathological events, including myofiber oxidative damage and degeneration, myofibrosis, micro-vessel (diameter = 50–150 μm) remodeling, and collagenous investment of terminal micro-vessels (diameter ≤ 15 µm) in the calf muscle of patients with Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). In this study, we evaluate the hypothesis that the vascular pathology associated with the legs of PAD patients encompasses pathologic changes to the smallest micro-vessels in calf muscle. Biopsies were collected from the calf muscle of control subjects and patients with Fontaine Stage II and Stage IV PAD. Slide specimens were evaluated by Quantitative Multi-Spectral and Fluorescence Microscopy. Inter-myofiber collagen, stained with Masson Trichrome (MT), was increased in Stage II patients, and more substantially in Stage IV patients in association with collagenous thickening of terminal micro-vessel walls. Evaluation of the Basement Membrane (BM) of these vessels reveals increased thickness in Stage II patients, and increased thickness, diameter, and Collagen I deposition in Stage IV patients. Coverage of these micro-vessels with pericytes, key contributors to fibrosis and BM remodeling, was increased in Stage II patients, and was greatest in Stage IV patients. Vascular pathology of the legs of PAD patients extends beyond atherosclerotic main inflow arteries and affects the entire vascular tree—including the smallest micro-vessels.